How to Find Samples Hook Essay Online

How to Find Samples Hook Essay Online The Benefits of Samples Hook Essay The reader will probably assume the quotation is valuable to your work. The introduction is a brief lead-in which makes the reader more interested in the remaining part of the content. An essay may be used to present an argument with the goal of convincing the audience to have a stand on a specific matter. As it usually aims to provide effective solutions to some problems, the good idea is to start with advice. The ideal method is to select the hook sentence that reveals the major idea of your essay. A superb idea is to hunt for some essay hook ideas on the net and analyze them. A few excellent essay hook ideas are usually everything you must begin. Before you determine an ideal hook, it is necessary to research widely on your topic. You do not need to restate the facts. Sometimes finding the most suitable quote can be hard, but your time researching will be paid in full with an intriguing hook. The Ultimate Approach to Samples Hook Essay Write an outline to assist you organize your essay. The more specific you're, the simpler it is going to be to prove it in your essay. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. Needless to say, essays are rarely so exciting to read, but they're also able to be written in a captivating and appealing way. To compel an audience to carry on reading your bit of writing, the very best tools to utilize in the debut of your essay are Essay hooks. Finding out how to write essay hook is an essential portion of learning how to compose awesome essays. The sort of an essay hook you use is dependent on the type of essay you're writing. Developing a hook for your essay is just one of the most crucial factors of writing. The Chronicles of Samples Hook Essay Imagine real people that you know for inspiration. Our custom cheap essay writing service has the wisdom and capability to finish your paper ensuring the maximum quality in the brief term. Tip Remember that a large part of those who ask you for a synopsis will use it to offer your presentation to others. Some famous folks are widely known, while some are highly distinguished in a certain subject of expertise. The power of the hook is defined by the way it can motivate individuals to read the full text. A hook is the initial sentence or two that is intended to actually captivate the reader. It is written to attract the reader. Some hooks can't be utilized in formal writing unless when used with lots of of literary creativity. The kind of hook you will use will be dependent on the type of writing you're compiling. There are many types of hooks that you could look at making their work interesting to read. If you're still not able to develop an exciting hook, you always have the option to ask professionals for assistance. All you should understand is the best way to compose a fantastic hook depending on the type, purpose, and target audience of your undertaking. The Ideal Strategy for Samples Hook Essay In the event you must generate a hook sentence for an essay during the exam, you won't need to work within a quick term. Be sure you are knowledgeable regarding the element you opt for in order for your process analysis instructions will be clear for the reader. Employing statistical data right at the commencement of your essay makes it seem really professional and well-researched. In order to acquire an internship, you might be requested to compose an essay with your application. Samples Hook Essay - Is it a Scam? You may choose to take a look at a position paper sample before starting the practice. The trick to making your essay stick out from the rest is to get a strong introduction. When choosing to compose an allegory, you first must choose symbols and figurative representations for ideas which do not own a material form. At times, all you will need is a sentence to receive your creative juices flowing again.

Theories In Sustainable Supply Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Theories In Sustainable Supply Management? Answer: Introducation The activity of, services, products and goods flowing through different stages of production, starting from procurement of raw materials- storage of the raw materials, inventory processes- processing and development of finished goods- storage of the finished or processed goods- transportation of goods or mediums of service to the consumption point, this whole process is known as the supply chain management (Heckmann, Comes Nickel, 2015). The objectives of the process include increasing the efficiency of production, faster dispersal of goods or service, production of quality products or service, and increased productivity for the company. The objective of this research is to understand the process of supply chain management in details with the help of a case study and then comparison with appropriate literature and articles on the subject. The organisation that has been chosen for the case study is Food Panda. Food Panda is a supply chain based company that has an online portal through which customers can book food online from the restaurant of their choice (Foodpanda.com, 2018). The process includes ordering in the Food Panda portal and the delivery executive will pick up the order and deliver duly within time. Importance Of Supply Chain Management And The Reasons Customers Will Choose Food Panda As stated by Shyam (2015), Supply Chain Management as per its name is the management of the supply in the chain of stages that take part in the completion of service or delivery of product. The author has stated that there are primarily three stages of supply chain, procurement, production, and distribution. In the case of Food Panda the procurement of order takes place from the websites part, and the procurement of the raw materials to prepare the ordered food takes place from the restaurants side. The food is produced. In this case, there is another stage of procurement when the prepared food is procured by the delivery executive. In the next step, the delivery executive produces a service where he transports the food to the customer. In the case of Food Panda the service and the distribution happens consecutively, as distribution is their main service. Supply and distribution along with logistics are not new concepts in human civilisation, as these have been happening from the ver y beginning (Christopher, 2016). It depends on the business how innovatively the concepts are utilised in a new way that can give an edge to the business over its competitors. The undeniable importance of the supply chain management in businesses have been duly recognised not very long ago (Christopher, 2016). Food Panda has utilised the innovation in supply chain management and used it in favour of its business. According to the authors of the article The role of management in the evolution of the company's supply chain supply chain managers has to ensure a high degree of co-ordination and synchronisation to keep the system running (Sorbi et al., 2017). This is especially true in the case of Food Panda where the team receiving the order has to co-ordinate the same with the delivery boy, and the restaurant who will start preparing the order. The delivery boy then picks up the order co-ordinating with the restaurant and then connects with the customer to complete delivery, this needs high precision, and synchronisation to complete. Theories And Models Of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is a dynamic process and there are no fixed and bound rules or theories to be followed in this regard. There is a resource based view theory which gives importance to the resources which may take forward a firms ability of competition according to the article Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning the author has pointed out (Stadtler, 2015). The theory states not all the resources are of equal importance and must be judged wisely. Touboulic Walker, (2015) have pointed out that there are not enoughnumber of theories about the Supply Chain Management process and the ones existing have gaps in their structure. The article also defines the sustainable theory of Supply Chain management. Monczka et al, (2015) have discussed about the channel coordination in the SCM process, which has an objective of aligning and synchronising the strategies of individual enterprises. There might be a number of multiple decision making horizons and information which is asymmetric and unstructured. There are multiple decision making situations in the case of Food Panda as well, when priorities in orders have to be understood when there is less number of delivery executives but more orders flow in. In the article The role of marketing channels in supply chain management the authors have pointed out that the lack of centralisation in decision making often leads to a situation of dilemma and doubt in various quarters and the overall performance may be affected (Kozlenkova et al., 2015). In the article Competition and Coordination in a Two?Channel Supply Chain. Competition and Coordination in a Two?Channel Supply Chain the authors have pointed out the duality in coordination and competitio n in cases where the supplier is same but the retailers may compete in order to gain profit. In the case of Food Panda various restaurants and Fast food shops may compete to get the first priority in the category of the same food. In supply chain management process the theory of constraints is also applied and researched in many articles. In the article Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modelling the bullwhip affect is identified as one major reason for ineffectiveness in supply chain management. Bullwhip affect is the increased movement in the inventories of businesses in response to the demands of the market which may be increasing or decreasing. In the case of Food Panda the bull whip affect is a major probkem because even if there is less number of orders they have to maintain the same number of delivery executives and work force. In the article Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions the authors have pointed out to the quantitative models of Supply Chain Management process and how can they be used in sustainable supply and distribution. The triple bottom line (TBL) or the integration of social aspects with other variables like the environmental aspects taking consideration of economic situation. SCM has evolved with time into not just a physical flow of gods but into complexities of decision making. In the case of Food Panda this is very evident because even the delivery executives have to take part in certain decision making. Value Supply Chain Process And How The Company May Deliver Value Proposition The best value chain concept in supply chain management is enforced by the speed, quality, cost, and flexibility. All these aspects are important for the theoretical perspectives. The organization always wants to deliver proper value to their customers. The value may be in terms of product, quality, cost, availability, and choice. The market extension can create competitions and prominent theoretical aspects of strategies models enhance better business chances for the organization. The behavioral change, in theory, can also mould the product dimension and supply chain management has taken this responsibility to open up the business market for contingency categories. As mentioned by Muysinaliyev Aktamov (2014), There are different theoretical perspectives allocated for the business. The transaction cost economic theory is one of the best values in supply chain process and ensures customers to buy their products. Agency theory is another aspect of cultural enhancement that aligned wit h the business opportunism so the market enhancement can sustain. As narrated by Martnez-Jurado Moyano-Fuentes (2014), Resource dependency and competitive alignment is the key aspect of the strategic development of the organization. The social capacity theory is another aspect shared the goals, value, and experiences of improved product performance. If products can create a better place in the market and socially acclaimed by the people then it would be easier for the company to promote that product in the market. The basic blend of performance and strategic values are important for strategic changes in the organization. In case of improved values, better goal and circumstances are the key factor in this process and that creates a good chance for business opportunities. Optimization Method Of Supply Chain Management There are some traditional methods and techniques for supply chain management process. These traditional methods are basically focused on the financial measures and return on investment. The rate of return and net present value has been declared in that optimization method and that evaluation method suited for the newer generation. Flexibility is service system is important for business operation perspective and will likely enhance the customer expectations for innovative products and service (Jain et al., 2010). Customers always want a better quality of the product so better financial support is also needed for the perspective. Innovative technology is also needed for that process and strategic planning is the main thing that better supply organization. As commented by Stadtler (2015), Information must be readily accessible to all companies in the supply chain process and the business procedures should be organized in a mode to make full use of this information. However, as these ar e problematic to amount or practice as a guideline to monitor development, more effective dimension methods, and indexes were advanced (Belin Forc, 2012). On a more operative level, the key presentation indicators are total costs, excellence and central times in the supply chain. Survey of presentation measures presented that cost and customer receptiveness to rule as the most frequent declared measures. The outline and practice of supply change framework help companies to improve presentation across the whole supply chain process in an efficient method and so that key performance indicators develop the fields in a positive way. Supplier Relationship Issues With Global Customers Customer satisfaction is an entire presentation for staying well-informed in a modest environment that can be attained only by rapidly answering to customer requirements. Effectual consumer response (ECR) is a supply chain management approach that endeavors to discourse the inadequacies in the supply chain are important for this occasion. Customer relation is the most effective issue for supply base management practice and produces some competitive edge for better customer drove driving policy (Ashby, Leat Hudson-Smith, 2012). For the long-term relationship, companies performance matters and effective performance productivity is the key aspect of that designing method. There are some issues in logistic like planned routes, environment policies, iterative approach for distribution and making a good relation with supply chain management is important for the development of the relationship with global customers (Touboulic Walker, 2015). Global customers are important for the company t o stretch their business market externally. Trading issue and market competencies can be judged by the organization if strategic benefits are aligned with outsourcing decision. As discussed by Fayezi, O'Loughlin Zutshi (2012), Sometimes franchises are taking this responsibility to channelize their market and company is also flexible to make them control over then business partially. They can take the brand name of the company and deliver only those products that manufactured by the company and also promise to maintain the brand image of the company and this is going to be the biggest outsourcing for the organization to make a good profit from different sections of business and this would be happened only because of effective supply chain. Sustainable Supply Chain Management In the article Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications there has been a detailed discussion about the importance and necessity of sustainability in supply chain management (Genovese et al., 2017). Environmental concern is another issue for sustainable development in Supply Chain Management (Dubey et al., 2017). Food Panda has reduced the need of paperwork in billing of food and hence given a better environmental and eco friendly option for supply chain management. However certain concerns like pollution caused by the bikes of the delivery executives still persist. Formentini Taticchi (2016) in their article Corporate sustainability approaches and governance mechanisms in sustainable supply chain management shows by evidence how sustainable leaders can induce the practice of sustainability in their followers. This can be adopted by the organisation in case study, Food Panda to induce sustainability all over the organisation structure. Issues With Supply Chain Management And Gaps In the article Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain the authors have noted how there have been emerging issues in terms of logistics in food procurement and distribution. The author has taken example of Tesco which has transformed from a small store to a full fledged retail chain selling grocery and home requirements (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Although there is a certain difference in the type of business that Food Panda does, but the similarity is both of the companies have grown from small to big. The main issue has been the increasing complexity that comes with growth. In countries, which are dominated by Islamic faith, there is a issue of serving Halal food. In the article Halal supply chain management training: issues and challenges the author has discussed about the challenges with receiving Halal certification and and maintaining the standards (Hashim Shariff, 2016). Food Panda operating in a number of Islamic countries has to keep strict vigilance on the Halal standards. According to Wang et al, (2016), the supply chain management has to deal with big data processing systems. Big data can be useful and complicated both at the same time. There has been separate departments and whole consultants dealing with big data. In the case of Food Panda the company has to constantly deal with orders coming in from various platforms, and then distributing the orders to the concerned delivery executives in the right time. Zhong et al, (2016) have also pointed out in their article Big Data for supply chain management in the service and manufacturing sectors: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives, that how information from service sectors as well as manufacturing sectors have been becoming huge in volume and complicated by the day. In the article, it was found that many managers in the upper level of the organisations are often oblivious about big data analysis and its outcomes, there is also need for better optimisation at different levels like operati onal, analytical and strategic. In the article A hybrid framework for the modelling and optimisation of decision problems in sustainable supply chain management, the authors have stated the altering and optimising the decision making system of the companies that deal with supply chain management that can lead to better decision making. In the article the author have proposed a combination of mathematical programming and constraint programming (Sitek Wikarek, 2015). Food Panda may well consider the proposed solutions to optimize the business it deals with. In the article A new fuzzy DEA model for evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of suppliers in sustainable supply chain management context the issues with developing a sustainable supply chain management process has been detailed (Azadi et al., 2015). In order to develop a sustainable model of supply process the Data Envelopment Process (DEA) is proposed to be utilised. Purchasing and distribution process becomes more complicated with the pressures from various agents of the environment and a sustainable process helps in avoiding these. Big data is an emerging field of further research and it is undeniably necessary for companies like Food Panda (Schoenherr Speier?Pero, 2015) Suggestions For Supply Chain Improvement The market conceptual map and the practical tools help to identify the policy issues of supply chain management. This is a process that enhancing the quality standard and deliver proper market information to maintain that chain in an effective way. There can be calamities that disrupt supply chain and improvement has to be done to tackle such situations (Snyder et al., 2016). There are four different areas of supply chain management and all these are creating extraneous factors to influence the business enhancement. Process upgradation is the first factor in the supply chain management and organization has to maintain their process in an evaluative way so that better results can be extracted from that. Product upgrading is another way the organization concerns about this and they can change the old product to a new one so that customers also get attached to the innovative product. Functional upgrading is a mix of operational activities that conducted by the organization and enhance t he external market of the company. As asserted by Shukla, Garg Agarwal (2011), the functional operation includes all the logistic facilities, resource management, and finance and distribution issues to cover up. Hence, all the operational sections are co-ordinated by this segment. The last section influences the entire chain or channel upgradation and this enhances to switch the production from one end to another. The process also calculates the new market entries and tries to channelize a new product in the business market. As commented by Colicchia Strozzi (2012), Improvement in food quality and meeting customer expectation is a major aspect of the company. The management network is interconnected with the provision of product and service packages from the organization. Conclusion Food Panda has been very successful in transforming the system of food delivery on earth. The company has redefined how the practice of supply chain management can be utilised at an optimised level to give maximum productive value to the society and the business. However from the above literature reviews that has been done certain issues have been found major of which are the persisting unsustainable mode of transportation of food, managing the delivery executives at a finer level, dealing with big data analytics, and making decisions that are balanced and logical and not just periodical. These gaps and limitations have to be fulfilled by the company by better strategic decision making and more fluid and effective supply chain methods. The literature review discusses about various models and theories of supply chain management and their implementation. These can be utilised in various level of the organisation to give a lean but fit organisational structure to the company. References Ashby, A., Leat, M., Hudson-Smith, M. (2012). Making connections: a review of supply chain management and sustainability literature.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), 497-516. Azadi, M., Jafarian, M., Saen, R. F., Mirhedayatian, S. M. (2015). A new fuzzy DEA model for evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of suppliers in sustainable supply chain management context.Computers Operations Research,54, 274-285. Belin, J., Forc, H. (2012). Supply chain management of blood products: A literature review.European Journal of Operational Research,217(1), 1-16. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Colicchia, C., Strozzi, F. (2012). Supply chain risk management: a new methodology for a systematic literature review.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(4), 403-418. Costas, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D., Pino, R., Puche, J. (2015). Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modeling.Expert Systems with Applications,42(4), 2049-2060. David, A., Adida, E. (2015). Competition and Coordination in a Two?Channel Supply Chain.Production and Operations Management,24(8), 1358-1370. Fayezi, S., O'Loughlin, A., Zutshi, A. (2012). Agency theory and supply chain management: a structured literature review.Supply chain management: an international journal,17(5), 556-570. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Foodpanda.com. (2018).About Foodpanda India.foodpanda. Retrieved 25 January 2018, from https://www.foodpanda.com/contents/about.htm Formentini, M., Taticchi, P. (2016). Corporate sustainability approaches and governance mechanisms in sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, 1920-1933. Genovese, A., Acquaye, A. A., Figueroa, A., Koh, S. L. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications.Omega,66, 344-357. Hashim, H. I. C., Shariff, S. M. M. (2016). Halal supply chain management training: issues and challenges.Procedia Economics and Finance,37, 33-38. Heckmann, I., Comes, T., Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition, measure and modeling.Omega,52, 119-132. Jain, J., Dangayach, G. S., Agarwal, G., Banerjee, S. (2010). Supply chain management: Literature review and some issues.Journal of Studies on Manufacturing,1(1). Kozlenkova, I. V., Hult, G. T. M., Lund, D. J., Mena, J. A., Kekec, P. (2015). The role of marketing channels in supply chain management.Journal of Retailing,91(4), 586-609. Martnez-Jurado, P. J., Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2014). Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, 134-150. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Muysinaliyev, A., Aktamov, S. (2014). Supply chain management concepts: literature review.IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM),15(6), 60-66. Shukla, R. K., Garg, D., Agarwal, A. (2011). Understanding of supply chain: A literature review.International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,3(3), 2059-2072. Shyam, R. (2015). Importance of Supply Chain Management.International Journal of Engineering and Management Research (IJEMR),5(2), 197-201. Sitek, P., Wikarek, J. (2015). A hybrid framework for the modelling and optimisation of decision problems in sustainable supply chain management.International Journal of Production Research,53(21), 6611-6628. Sorbi, S., Zorrieh, S., Jalilian, I., Sani, M. M. S. (2017). The role of management in the evolution of the company's supply chain.European Journal of Management and Marketing Studies. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Touboulic, A., Walker, H. (2015). Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(1/2), 16-42. Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W., Papadopoulos, T. (2016). Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,176, 98-110. Zhong, R. Y., Newman, S. T., Huang, G. Q., Lan, S. (2016). Big Data for supply chain management in the service and manufacturing sectors: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives.Computers Industrial Engineering,101, 572-591. Snyder, L. V., Atan, Z., Peng, P., Rong, Y., Schmitt, A. J., Sinsoysal, B. (2016). OR/MS models for supply chain disruptions: A review.IIE Transactions,48(2), 89-109. Schoenherr, T., Speier?Pero, C. (2015). Data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: Current state and future potential.Journal of Business Logistics,36(1), 120-132. Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Papadopoulos, T., Childe, S. J., Shibin, K. T., Wamba, S. F. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management: framework and further research directions.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, 1119-1130

Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance

One of the most notable aspects of post-industrial modernity is that, as of today, the pace of the ongoing technological progress attained a clearly defined exponential momentum, which in turn challenges the validity of people’s conventional outlooks on what the notions of ‘privacy’ and ‘journalism’ stand for.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The soundness of this suggestion can be illustrated, in regards to the fact that it now became possible for private citizens to be in the position to take aerial shots/videos of the important events in the making (newsgathering), as well as to spy on others (surveillance). The development in question has been brought about by the recent breakthroughs in the field of avionics technology, which dramatically increased the affordability of the so-called ‘unman ned aerial vehicles’ (UAVs), or as they are informally referred to – drones. The term in question applies to the autonomously flown aircraft, as well as to those that fly in the remotely controlled mode. However, the newly emerged newsgathering/surveillance opportunities, in this respect, appear to stir much of a public controversy – the direct consequence of the fact that the practice of drone-based newsgathering can be defined; as such that violates the provisions of the U.S. Constitution’s Fourth Amendment. As Schlag (2013) aptly pointed out, â€Å"Under the Fourth Amendment, Americans are guaranteed a certain degree of privacy through the right ‘to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effect against unreasonable searches and seizures’† (p. 12). At the same time, forbidding citizens to use drones, as the mean of gathering and publicizing information of a social significance, would clearly transgress the Constitutionâ€⠄¢s First Amendment, concerned with protecting freedom of speech, as the fundamental principle of how American society functions. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that during the course of recent years, there have been published a number of analytical articles that discuss the pros and cons of legitimizing the concerned practice from a variety of different perspectives.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the main advantages of using drones to gather information is being usually mentioned the sheer cost-effectiveness of the practice in question. According to Holton, Lawson and Love (2015), â€Å"Even the most effective UAVs available for journalistic purposes cost less than $1000 and can be operated at a fraction of the cost of their heavier and less reliable helicopter counterparts† (p. 638). The advocates of drone-based newsgatheri ng also point out to the fact that drones allow the types of live news-coverage that used to be considered impossible earlier (such as providing people with the aerial glimpse of a natural disaster in making, for example). After all, due to being unmanned, drones can be flown even under the circumstances that most pilots would have found intolerable, â€Å"Drones†¦ allow journalists access to places that are dangerous or unreachable, and they provide an aerial view that captures images in ways that photographs taken from the ground cannot† (McIntyre, 2015, p. 160). Finally, there is a good rationale in believing that drones can help the law enforcement agencies to tackle the task of ensuring public safety. As Clarke (2014) noted: â€Å"Drones (provide)†¦ relatively very safe and quick reconnaissance at emergency scenes, resulting in effective and relatively safe tactical responses† (p. 240). Nevertheless, there are also those who believe that the concerned ty pe of newsgathering/surveillance is socially counter-beneficial, because there are some rather substantial cons to it, as well. Alongside with the earlier mentioned fact that drones can be used to violate one’s privacy, it is commonly alleged that the practice of flying drones (some of them weight up to 150 kg.) over the densely populated areas, represents an acute threat not only to the citizens’ right to confidentiality, but also to their very lives. Moreover, it is often suggested that the drone-based paradigm of newsgathering undermines the integrity of American society from within, because it establishes the objective preconditions for Americans to continue growing ever more intellectually marginalized. After all, it does not represent any secret that it is specifically the tabloid-type of journalists (paparazzi), who seem to be much more excited about the drone-enabled newsgathering opportunities, as compared to what it is the case with the mainstream journalists . In fact, because of these newly emerged opportunities, some people claim that it is only the matter of time before journalism transforms into ‘voyeurnalism’, defined as a â€Å"corrupted journalism†¦ in which information regarding events and issues is gathered and presented that is not ‘in the public interest’, but rather is ‘what the public is interested in’† (Clarke, 2014, p. 240).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is specifically due to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) stance on the issue that drones are not being used quite as widely for newsgathering, as they could have been. This simply could not be otherwise – the representatives of this Federal agency persist in claiming that the concerned practice is unlawful, because it can be us ed for moneymaking, â€Å"The FAA considers any use of a UAV for profit or by a for-profit organization, even if the use of the UAV does not specifically generate profit, to be commercial activity and therefore banned† (Holton, Lawson, Love, 2015, p. 636). What is especially peculiar, in this respect, is that the bureaucrats in question do not even bother to explain since when it became an offense in America for people to resort to the technologically advanced means of generating income. Thus, there is indeed a good reason to expect that, as time goes on, the debate of whether the practice of using drones for newsgathering/surveillance should be legalized or not, will continue to remain acute in the near future. Still, for those whose ability to think in terms of logic has not been completely atrophied, this specific issue may hardly appear controversial. The reason for this is apparent – it does not represent any challenge to expose just about every claim, concerned with deeming aerial drone-newsgathering/surveillance ‘dangerous’ or ‘immoral’, as utterly fallacious. After all, it does not take a particularly analytical individual to realize that the most ardent critics of drones as ‘evil’ gadgets, designed solely for the purpose of invading people’s privacy, consist of neocons, who simultaneously promote the idea that the FBI and NSA should be allowed to tap into people’s phones and to arrest citizens, without having obtained a court consent – all for the sake of making America ‘safer’. It is quite notable, in this respect, that the same individuals would not be overly concerned if it was solely up to the government to violate people’s privacy with the help of drones. After all, as Bennett (2014) aptly noted: â€Å"The drone was initially developed for government applications and only afterwards transitioned to private ones† (par. 4). Yet, when journalists an d private citizens started to use drones to gather information, the self-appointed representatives of the ‘moral majority’ began to refer to this practice as such that contradicts the Fourth Amendment.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for us to make sense out of this ostensible phenomenon, it needs to be mentioned that, even though America’s top-officials never cease proclaiming that the country’s mainstream Media are ‘free’, this in fact is far from being the actual case. Apparently, only a few people are capable of understanding the simple fact that American Media cannot be ‘free’ by the virtue of being owned by the representatives of the country’s oligarchy, which share the same socio-political and economic agenda. Therefore, contrary to what many people believe, American mainstream Media do not function as merely the information-channeling mediums, but as the instruments of subjecting ordinary citizens to the different forms of psychological manipulation. In its turn, this led to the situation when, as of today, for as long as Americans have not seen a particular event being covered on TV, there is no way for them to learn that this event actually did ta ke place. Yet, there is one important precondition for America’s mainstream Media to be able to manipulate with people’s opinions, and to consequently affect the essence of political dynamics in this country – to be provided with a monopoly on distributing information. This explains the FAA’s negative stance on the idea that drones should be recognized as the legitimate tool of journalism – such a development would inevitably result in causing more and more citizens to wonder about many things that the government would not like them to. After all, one’s ability to purchase and to fly a drone for the purpose of newsgathering/surveillance, automatically presupposes the concerned individual’s familiarity with social Media, such as Facebook or YouTube – the only alternative sources of information in America’s media-space, dominated by a few large media-corporations. Therefore, the ‘public’ outcry against the use of drones by private individuals is artificially induced, â€Å"No court cases have been reported in which someone sued a journalist for violating his privacy by gathering information with a drone† (McIntyre, 2015, p. 162). It is all about money and power, as usual, rather than about ‘morality’ or ‘safety’. The country’s rich and powerful are aware that information is power and they do not want to share it with anybody else – pure and simple. In light of the above-stated, there can be only a few doubts that drone-based newsgathering is indeed thoroughly appropriate – even if assessed from the legal perspective. The FAA can threaten people with the prospect of being administratively/criminally persecuted for flying drones all it wants, but this organization’s currently enacted drone-related regulations are essentially bylaws, which mean they can be easily overruled with the references being made to the fundamental provisio ns of the U.S. Constitution. Therefore, the journalists’ right to use drones on the line of their professional duty cannot be restricted. The same can be said about the practice of using drones for surveillance – fearing that they may invade one’s privacy simply does not make any sense in the age when the very notion of ‘privacy’ has grown utterly outdated. Those who oppose drone-technology, as such that can enhance journalism/law enforcement, act contrary to this country’s national interests – regardless whether they realize it or not. I believe that this conclusion is fully consistent with the line of argumentative logic, deployed throughout the paper. References Bennett, W. (2014). Civilian drones, privacy, and the federal-state balance. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/civilian-drones-privacy-and-the-federal-state-balance/ Clarke, R. (2014). Understanding the drone epidemic. Computer Law   Security Review, 30(3), 230-246. Holton, A., Lawson, S., Love, C. (2015). Unmanned aerial vehicles,  Journalism Practice, 9(5), 634-650. McIntyre, K. (2015). How Current Law Might Apply to Drone Journalism. Newspaper Research Journal, 36(2), 158-169. Schlag, C. (2013). The new privacy battle: How the expanding use of drones continues to erode our concept of privacy and privacy rights. Journal of Technology Law Policy, XIII, 1-22. This critical writing on Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance was written and submitted by user Mallory Oneil to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mary White Rowlandson

Mary White Rowlandson Known for:  Indian captivity narrative published 1682 Dates: 1637? - January 1710/11 Also known as: Mary White, Mary Rowlandson About Mary White Rowlandson Mary White was probably born in England to parents who immigrated in 1639. Her father was, at his death, wealthier than any of his neighbors in Lancaster, Massachusetts. She married Joseph Rowlandson in 1656; he was ordained as a Puritan minister in 1660. They had four children, one of whom died as an infant. In 1676, near the end of King Philips War, a group of Nipmunk and Narragansett Indians attacked Lancaster, burned the town and captured many of the settlers. Rev. Joseph Rowlandson was on his way to Boston at the time, to raise troops to protect Lancaster. Mary Rowlandson and her three children were among them. Sarah, 6, died in captivity of her wounds. Rowlandson used her skill in sewing and knitting so she was useful while the Indians moved around in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to elude capture by the colonists. She met with the Wampanoag chief, Metacom, who had been named King Philip by the settlers. Three months after the capture, Mary Rowlandson was ransomed for  £20. She was returned at Princeton, Massachusetts, on May 2, 1676. Her two surviving children were released soon after. Their home had been destroyed in the attack, so the Rowlandson family reunited in Boston. Joseph Rowlandson was called to a congregation in Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1677. In 1678, he preached a sermon about his wifes captivity, A Sermon of the Possibility of Gods Forsaking a People that have been near and dear to him. Three days later, Joseph died suddenly. The sermon was included with early editions of Mary Rowlandsons captivity narrative. Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott in 1679, but no later details of her life are known except some court testimony in 1707, her husbands death in 1691, and her own death in 1710/11. The Book Her book was written to retell the details of Mary Rowlandsons captivity and rescue in the context of religious faith. The book was originally titled The Soveraignty Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed; Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, Commended by her to all that Desire to Know the Lords Doings to, and Dealings with Her. Especially to her Dear Children and Relations. The English edition (also 1682) was retitled A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, A Ministers Wife in New-England: Wherein is set forth, The Cruel and Inhumane Usage she underwent amongst the Heathens for Eleven Weeks time: And her Deliverance from them. Written by her own Hand, for her Private Use: and now made public at the earnest Desire of some Friends, for the Benefit of the Afflicted. The English title emphasized the capture; the American title emphasized her religious faith. The book became an immediate best-seller and went through many editions. It is widely read today as a literary classic, the first of what became a trend of captivity narratives where white women, captured by Indians, survived overwhelming odds. Details (and assumptions and stereotypes) about the life of women among the Puritan settlers and in the Indian community are valuable to historians. Despite the overall emphasis (and title, in England) stressing cruel and inhumane usage... amongst the heathens, the book is also notable for conveying an understanding of the captors as individuals who suffered and faced tough decisions as human beings with some sympathy towards their captives (one gives her a captured Bible, for example). But beyond being a story of human lives, the book is also a Calvinist religious treatise, showing the Indians as instruments of God sent to be a scourge to the whole Land. Bibliography These books may be helpful for more information on Mary White Rowlandson and on Indian captivity narratives in general. Christopher Castiglia.  Bound and Determined: Captivity, Culture-Crossing and White Womanhood. University of Chicago, 1996.Kathryn and James Derounian and Arthur Levernier.  Indian Captivity Narrative, 1550-1900. Twayne, 1993.Kathryn Derounian-Stodola, editor.  Womens Indian Captivity Narratives.  Penguin, 1998.Frederick Drimmer (editor).  Captured by the Indians: 15 Firsthand Accounts, 1750-1870.  Dover, 1985.Gary L. Ebersole.  Captured By Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity.  Virginia, 1995.Rebecca Blevins Faery.  Cartographies of Desire: Captivity, Race, and Sex in the Shaping University of Oklahoma, 1999.on an American Nation.June Namias.  White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.  University of North Carolina, 1993.Mary Ann Samyn.  Captivity Narrative.  Ohio State University, 1999.Gordon M. Sayre, Olaudah Equiano and Paul Lauter, editors.  American Captivity Narratives. D C Heath, 2000.Pauline Turner Strong.  Captive Selves, Captivating Others.  Westview Press, 2000.

Community and Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community and Domestic Violence - Essay Example Most gang members are pulled into the world of violence because of a number of flaws in the system. Basic essentials are denied to the youth and his concept of being caught in the same cycle as his parents frighten him into choosing any path available to escape it. It has been proven by the National Academies Press that gang violence hits the areas that are economically backward the hardest (7). These gang members are motivated by the life around them to find a way out. Thus, by joining a gang the individual ensures a sure-fire way of achieving an income. An income that is presented through shows of courage and loyalty to the gang is important as it comes with the due respect. The arms available to any gang has increased by the hundredfold. In 2001, the Boston Globe printed an article speaking of an unregistered arms dealer was sentenced to 13 years in prison for selling grenades to members of street gangs Thus revealing that in America today, it has become abundantly easy for any young gang-member to obtain arms. An individual case of this violence comes from Mario Banuelos who was a member of a gang in Morgan Hill, California. He speaks of an incident where he was beaten up by a boy. Unable to fight back he expected the boy to terrorize him but learned a lesson when after the first beating the boy returned to apologize for his actions (Morgan Hills Times).   The evidence in this story proves that Banuelos chose to fight as had been taught by the street culture but in turn forgot the basics of humanity that instill an individual to apologize when they feel they have wronged a fellow being. When the boy came back to say sorry, Banuelos was reminded that fighting was not the solution to every problem. And this self-realization allowed him to change his life.     

Slurry Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slurry Wall - Essay Example They provided a low permeability obstacle to contaminant transport. The first slurry wall was built in Italy. Icos built the wall in Italy by using bentonite slurry support as the cut off wall. He went on to construct the first slurry wall for the Milan Metro. In mid 1960s, European contractors introduced the slurry walls in the United States. It was first used in the World Trade Center found in New York, the Bank of California found in San Francisco and the CAN building found in Chicago. Many projects of the slurry wall in the United States are found in Chicago, San Francisco, Washington, New York and Boston. Slurry walls are used extensively in the Central Artery/Tunnel project. This project involved many cover and cut tunnels built under the prevailing artery. The technology behind slurry wall centers on specific equipment used to excavate slurry trenches. The mechanical clamshell is the simplest kind of trenching equipment and is put on a Kelly bar. Different contractors have developed particular equipment such as hydromills, hydraulic clamshells or fraise (Mulligan, Yong & Gibbs, 2001). These walls are used in retaining foundations of the wall and retaining control of the wall water. Additionally, they are used as long-lasting basement walls in top down construction method, used as earth retention walls for tunnels, excavations and basements. They are also used in vertical foundation elements with high capacity (Opdyke & Evans, 2005). They are used as cut off curtains, gas barriers in areas with landfills, seepage control, and contaminated groundwater. Moreover, the diaphragms are used in seepage and water control for deep excavations. The construction cost of slurry wall for cut off barriers is much cheaper than construction of diaphragm wall for deep excavations. The alterations arise mostly from the differences in the construction methods. In diaphragm walls, the perimeter of the wall is made panel by

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms  to Enhance Achievement and Language Learning Attitude Abstract Computer software has been widely used for teaching English language in flipped classrooms. The present study supplied a practical example of integrating Computer-Assisted language Learning (CALL) programs in English courses to flip the teaching process. The kind of CALL integration addressed in this study has allowed much more flexibility in delivering instruction to diverse groups of English learners or at best, to implement individualized instruction. Examples of modeling CALL programs in teaching listening, pronunciation, reading, writing, and vocabulary were implemented in this study. Sixty students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) studying at King Marriott Higher Institute for computer participated in this study. The control group studied through the regular non-flipped classroom while the experimental group studied through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. Following the Quasi experimental pre-post design the study was conducted during the first seme ster of the academic year 2016-2017. The results of the study showed that CALL programs in flipped classrooms have improved the students language learning attitude and averaged examination scores to a statistically significant extent. Key words: CALL, flipped classroom, attitude, individualized instruction 1. Background Introduction to CALL What is CALL? The acronym CALL represents a term that stands for Computer-Assisted Language Learning. It refers to manipulating computers in language teaching and learning. Traditionally, it is used as a means of teaching and assessing particular language items. Following the traditional CALL process, the learners are first introduced a rule and different examples, then, they practice varied exercises to test their knowledge of the rule and finally, the computer gives appropriate feedback and awards marks in records to be later checked by the teacher. Levy and Hubbard (2005) define CALL as the field that is concerned with how the computer mediates between the language learner and language learning objectives (figure 1). Figure 1. Levy and Hubbards 2005 conceptualization of CALL Levy (1997, p. 1) defines Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) as the search for and the study of computer applications in language teaching and learning. Beatty (2003, p. 7) gives a broad definition of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), Beatty gives a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature that is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language. Furthermore, CALL includes issues of material, design, technologies, pedagogical theories and of instruction modes. CALL materials include those which are mainly made for language learning and those which adapt the existing computer-based materials, e.g. video and other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8). The History of CALL For more than three decades, computers have been used in language teaching. Three main stages represent the history of CALL: Behaviouristic CALL, Communicative CALL and Integrative CALL (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Each stage corresponds to a certain pedagogical approach. Behaviouristic CALL Influenced by audio-lingual teaching method, Behaviouristic CALL was emerged in the late 1960s and used widely in the 1970s. This stage was characterized by using repetitive language drills, known as drill-and practice. The computer represented a mechanical tutor that never allowed students to work individually, which in turn inhibited motivation. It also implied using extensive drills, grammatical explanations and translation (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Communicative CALL The Communicative CALL initiated in the 1980s after rejecting the behavioristic approach to language teaching theoretically and pedagogically. At this time, personal computers were paving the way for students to work individually at schools. Corresponded to cognitive theories, Communicative CALL considered learning as a process of discovery, expression and development. Advocates of Communicative CALL debated that computer based activities should focus more on using communication forms. Furthermore, software including simulations and text reconstruction program was widely used and developed in this period. Therefore, Communicative CALL focused on what the students did with each other while working at the computer rather than what they did with the computer. Interactive CALL Interactive CALL replaced communicative CALL which began to be criticized by the 1990s. Thus, teachers used more social and learner-centered methods in a response to new second language acquisition theories and socio-cognitive trends. Language learning in authentic social contexts was emphasized at this time. Content-based project-based and task-based approaches were applied to integrate learners in authentic environments, and to integrate and use various skills of language learning. In such integrative approaches, learners try to use a variety of technological tools and progress a continuing process of language learning instead visiting the computer lab once a week for conducting separated exercises. Types of CALL Programs Davies, Hewer, Rendall, and Walker, (2004) divide CALL programs into: Specific CALL software: They are specific language learning programs designed to develop, facilitate the language learning process, like language learning CDs, language learning websites and quizzes. Generic software: They are general computer software designed for general purposes, like word-processors, presentation software, and spreadsheet, that can be used in language learning. Web-based language programs: They are online language learning programs like concordancers, online dictionaries, online encyclopedias, news/magazine sites, etc. Computer-mediated communication (CMC): programs for online oral and written communication like email programs, online asynchronous and synchronous chat, discussion forum, etc. Warschauer (1996) divides CALL programs and applications into two main categories; computer as tutor programs and computer as tool programs. Computer as a tutor refers to CALL programs designed for teaching grammar, listening, pronunciation, reading, text reconstruction, vocabulary and writing. Computer as a tool refers to the most common use of a computer as a tool, and probably the usual use of computer programs for language learning, as word processing programs, grammar checkers, concordancers and collaborative writing. Advantages of computer in language teaching and learning Teaching and learning technologies become one of the most effective areas in the educational system, especially in language learning (Reinders and Thomas, 2012). Today the number of teachers and students using computers and the Internet to teach/learn a second language has increased due to the technology advances (Han, 2008). In order to analyze the advantage of using computer in language learning, Li-Yun Lu and Tang (1996) divide the advantages into three types: the inherent nature of the computer; The benefit of the teacher; the benefit of the learner. The inherent nature of the computer The computer can handle a much wider range of activities, and much more powerfully, than other technological aids. It offers a two-way learning session with the student. The computer can assess the students response. It can also display messages, take the student through subsequent attempts at a question, and even take the student to a different section of package, depending on the nature of the response. The benefit of the teacher The computer presents several aspects of particular promise. Prominent among these is its versatility in handling different kinds of material. For example, the simplest is the one-way presentation of information, in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Also, the computer can handle question-and-answer routines, simulated dialogues, hypothesis testing, and many other types of exercises. The benefit of the learner The computer also offers many advantages for the learner. Access is one of the benefits. The computer offers the student the choice of when to study particular topics and how long to spend on them. The flexibility makes many educational courses accessible to students who would otherwise have no chance to take them. It is not a dream to make the distance teaching. Many computers can be linked by telephone on special landlines. Alternatively, teachers can send tapes or discs of their materials through the post. Whatever the factors of time and distance, the computer retains its potential for personalized instruction. There is no low attention period as the student waits for his or her turn to come round in class. On the contrary, each student has the computers full attention and can work at the speed best suited to the individual. Flipped Classrooms What is a flipped classroom? The flipped classroom is a recent model of pedagogy in which the regular lecture and assignment elements of a course are reversed. In other words, activities that have traditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa. For instance, instead of having lectures during sessions at university, students gather the information largely outside of sessions, by reading, watching videos and listening to podcasts or other audio format (Centre for Academic Development and Quality, 2016). Tucker (2012) adds there is more than one model for flipping the classroom, the core idea is to flip the regular instructional approach: with the help of teacher-created videos and interactive lessons, instruction that used to take place in class is now accessed at home, in advance of class. The classroom becomes a place to deal with problems, advance concepts, and to engage in collaborative and active learning. In contrast to the lecture format, in flipped classrooms the role of the lecturer changes from being a presenter of content to a learning coach. Bergmann, Overmyer and Willie (2011) state that the lecturer is no longer the sage on the stage but the guide on the side. Students become active learners instead of relying on the lecturer as the disseminator of knowledge. Advantages of the flipped classrooms Flipped classrooms have may learning advantages related to sustainable learning, engagement and interaction. Bergmann, Overmeyer and Willie (2011) include several advantages for the Flipped classroom: 1- lifelong learning: learners depend on CALL programs to learn the content before coming to classrooms. Such method of acquiring knowledge, is a lifelong learning skill. 2- Material engagement: in classroom learners complete different active learning exercises that reflect the applications, implications and controversies associated with the material. This engagement highlights the importance of the material in the learners everyday lives and helps them relate to the topics. 3- interaction between learners and faculty: class periods are specified to interactions among the learners. This strategy shifts the focus of learners from the front of the classroom. The flipped classroom moves the faculty teacher from the stage to one-on-one interacting with the students. 2. Method 2.1. Participants and location The study was conducted at the King, Marriott Higher Institute for Computer Science, Alexandria, Egypt during the first semester of the academic year 2016-2017. 60 students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) participated in the study. 2.3. Treatment Two units from CommercialTechnical English Terminology Textbookà ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  were used in this study (Unit 1: Introduction into Business English and Unit 2: Recruitment). The control group studied the two units through the regular non-flipped classroom. The experimental group studied the units through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. The researchers introduced the proposed CALL programs and how to use them during the introductory session. 2.4. Instruments 2.4.1. Achievement Test The researchers conducted an achievement test to assess the participants performance. The test is composed of three parts; the first evaluates communication skills, the second assesses vocabulary acquisition and the third is reading comprehension. (appendix I). 2.4.2. Attitude Survey To assess the participants attitudes toward the flipping classrooms in English language learning, the researchers conducted an attitude survey (appendix II). The researchers followed Lickerts 5 range scale in conducting the survey. 3. Results 3.1. Achievement Hypothesis One There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and that of the control group in the post application the achievement test in favor of the experimental group students. To verify the validity of the previous hypothesis independent samples t-test was used. Table (1) shows the significance of difference between the mean scores of the control and the experimental group students in post-testing. Table 1 Significance of difference between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group students in post- testing Group Mean Std. Deviation Levenes Test df t Sig. Control 13.4 1.79 F Sig. 58 5.35 .001 Experimental 15.7 1.57 .31 .57 The data presented in table (1) reveals that Levenes Test F (Equality of Variances) equals 0.31 which is significant at 0.57, t value is (5.35) and significant at 0.001, and df equals 58 which means that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control and experimental group in post-testing. 3.2. Attitudes Hypothesis two: Participants have positive attitudes toward flipped classrooms in English language learning. Results of attitude survey are presented in the following table. Table 2 Students attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning Statement Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. No.12 (41.4%) No.13 (44.8%) No.3 (10.3%) No.1 (3.4%) No.0 (0%) 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. No.11 (36.7%) No.14 (46.7%) No.3 (10%) No.2 (6.7%) No.0 (0%) 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. No.9 (30%) No.15 (50%) No.5 (16.7%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.5 (16.7%) No.0 (0%) No.0 (0%) 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. No.18 (60%) No.11 (36.7%) No.0 (0%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 6.Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.4 (13.3%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) Close inspection of the data presented in the previous table reveals that the participants have positive attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning. 4. Discussion The researchers implemented different CALL programs in this study like Natural Reader, Corpus concordancing, online listening Lab and PowerPoint presentations. The selected training units were explained and presented through PowerPoint program and were given to the experimental group students to be studied outside the classroom. Also, the experimental group students were trained during the introductory session on a cocordancing program for enhancing vocabulary acquisition and the natural reader program for developing reading skills. Experimental group students were trained to study the proposed units outside the classroom and to practice different activities in the classroom to enhance what they have studied. On the other hand the control group students studied with the regular method, i.e. explanation in the classroom and activities outside the classroom. After finishing the treatment (2 units) both the experimental and the control group students sat for an achievement test and the experimental group students completed an attitude survey related to the flipped classrooms. The mean scores of the control and the experimental group were 13.4 and 15.7. The results of the achievement test highlights the effectiveness of flipping the classrooms. Furthermore, the results of the survey proved that experimental group students agreed upon flipping the classrooms. References Beatty, K. (2003). Teaching and researching computer-assisted language learning. New York: Longman. Bergmann, J., Overmyer, J., and Willie, B. (2011). The flipped class: What it is and What it is not. The Daily Riff. Retrieved from http://www.thedailyriff.com/ articles/the-flipped-class-conversation-689.php. Centre for Academic Development and Quality (2016). CADQ Guide: The flipped classroom. Nottingham Trent University. Retrieved from www.ntu.ac.uk/cadq Davies, G., Hewer, S., Rendall, H., Walker, R. (2004). ICT4LT Module 1.4: Introduction to computer assisted language learning (CALL). http://www. ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-4.html. Han, W. (2008). Benefits and barriers of computer assisted language learning and teaching. US-China Foreign Language, 6(9), 40-43. Levy, M. (1997) CALL: Context and conceptualization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levy, M. and Hubbard, P. (2005). Why call CALL CALL? Computer Assisted Language Learning. Vol. 18, No. 3. Li-Yun Lu and Tang, F (1996). Computer-Assisted Language Learning. NYU School of Education Department of Teaching and Learning-Multilingual Multicultural Studies TESOL. Reinders, H., Thomas, M. (2012). Contemporary computer assisted language learning. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com. Tucker, B. (2012). The Flipped Classroom. Education Next. Retrieved from www. educationnext.org. Warschauer M. (1996) Computer Assisted Language Learning: an Introduction.In Fotos S. (ed.) Multimedia language teaching, Tokyo: Logos International: 3-20. Warschauer, M., Healey, D. 1998. Computers and language learning: an overview. Language teaching forum. 31, Pp.57-71. Appendices Appendix I Achievement Test I- Complete the following conversation. (7 pts) Operator: Hello, Frank and Brothers company, ? John: This is John Robert. Can I have extension 3421? Operator: Certainly, . . David: Jack Richardsons office, David speaking. John: John Robert calling, is. ? David: Imsorry hes out at the moment. Can ? John: Yes, Could you ask him to . at 9147 6320. Its urgent. David: Could you the number please? John: Yes, thats 9147 6320, and this is John Robert. David: Thank you Mr Robert, Ill make message. John: Thanks, bye. David: Good bye. II- Insert the following words in the gaps in the text below. (9 pts) Many People looking for work read the . advertised in newspapers by companies and. . To reply to an adevertisment it is to for a job. You fill the companys., and send it along with your CV and You often have to give the names of two.. . If your qualifications match the , you might be. , i.e. selected to attend an.. . III- Read the following extract, then answer the questions. (4 pts) Business is an organized approach to providing customers with different products and services they need. Also word business refers to an organization that provides these products and services. Businesses in general seek to make a profit i.e., they aim to achieve revenues that exceed the costs of operating the business. Prominent examples of for-profit businesses include Mitsubishi Group, General Motors Corporation, and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies, foundations, advocacy groups, and many hospitals. Answer the following questions. 1- Define business and its main aim. 2- Show the difference between profit and nonprofit business. 3- Mention two examples of nonprofit organizations. 4- Propose a suitable title to the extract. Appendix II Attitude Survey Choose the response that best reflects your attitude 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 6. Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  This book is compiled and supplemented by one of the researchers (Dr. ayman Elesery).