Cango Analysis Essay Example for Free

Cango Analysis Essay Like Liz makes reference to in the video (discourse); CanGo goes about as an individual customer for their clients. Clients don’t have go to various store to purchase their product when they can purchase online at a similar spot and at reasonable costs. Shortcomings: When Liz was solicited to set up a discourse from how their organization created after some time, she had no idea of where to begin. She didn’t prepare, for instance; she makes reference to in the goals video that on the off chance that she had done some getting ready for her organization, her organization would have gone much a long way from where they are at now. CanGo didn’t have a key arrangement for web based gaming. Liz and her representatives simply had a little gathering and without giving a notification early, she recently declared that they are going into another market of internet gaming. Every one of her representatives were amazed from the start. She didn’t solicit any from her representatives before that on the off chance that they loved the possibility of web based gaming or not. She just felt free to request starter advertising plan. The representatives appeared to be reluctant as to posing inquiries. The representatives at CanGo don’t cooperate and are not working in a group setting as ought to be actualized. Besides, the organization doesn’t figure out what this web based gaming incorporates. Further, the organization didn’t address figure out what might be the different degrees of help it would give to its clients. CanGo didn’t build up a methodology clarifying how it will lead its bu siness. Openings: As one of the representative notices shouldn't something be said about online â€Å"football† match-up? I figure it would be extraordinary thought for the organization to feel free to actualize an online football match-up, since a great deal of clients like to play football or sports. It may be the case that during the football season they can get an immense surge. Furthermore web based gaming additionally permits individuals from various nations to play simultaneously which is an enormous in addition to. Dangers: CanGo doesn’t have a gigantic cash-flow to contribute. On the off chance that they squander it on the possibility of internet gaming without knowing whether they have any future with it, CanGo will be in a tremendous obligation. On the off chance that they are going to prepare their staff to do the activities, their clients will be troubled in light of the fact that they have not many individuals and there is a ton of work to do. They would need to build wages of their representatives since they will deal with more work than they should. Proposal: CanGo organization needs to have a crucial vision proclamation. Statement of purpose will depict what their organization does and vision proclamation is the place the board needs to see their organization in future. Initial step is, to have these two proclamations prepared, which this organization is absent. I don’t think CanGo ought to develop their concept of web based gaming without having a vital arrangement. They were feeling the loss of the considerable number of components of key arranging which are execution, assessment and arrangement. There were no inquiries concerning the fate of web based gaming nor there do any answer to perceive how much achievement different organizations had so far with internet gaming. Nobody examined about the gear they are going to need to manufacture this immense undertaking. Liz has put the entire weight on one worker. There is no collaboration; imagine a scenario in which that individual gets languid and comes up a lethargic promoting plan. At that point everybody would need to consent to it on the grounds that no other part knows the slightest bit about advertising. Liz ought to have disclosed to her representatives that everybody needs to concoct showcasing plan and afterward in the following gathering they will pick the best one by accord. I don’t think organization is in its best budgetary condition. In the event that they proceed with their concept of web based gaming, operational expenses of purchasing gear and programming are going to cost a great deal without anyone else. I additionally think they need new staff; preparing old workers about the new innovation will be an extreme activity. Employing the new staff will be less expensive. May be they should trust that the money related occasions will show signs of improvement or they ought to redistribute. The organization can redistribute the usage of gear which would spare them a great deal of cash and keeping the client care here in America. CanGo’s clients will be cheerful on the grounds that they will have the option to converse with their own kin in their language serenely. Client assistance ought to be the need in any choice they make or any help they give. References: Devry. (n. d. ). CanGo recordings. Recovered July 15, 2009, from devry: www. devry. edu/ec/crs

Management and Leadership at Cvs Caremark Free Essays

The executives and Leadership at CVS Caremark Michell McGill MGT/330 September tenth, 2012 Ed Robinson CVS Caremark is the biggest drug store medicinal services supplier in the United States with coordinated contributions over the whole range of Pharmacy Care. CVS Caremark is a market head in mail-request drug store, retail drug store, claim to fame drug store, and retail centers and is a main supplier of Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plans. As one of the country’s biggest drug store benefits administrators (PBM’s) CVS Caremark gives access to a system of in excess of 65,000 drug stores, including in excess of 7,3000 CVS/drug store stores that offer unparallel types of assistance and capabilities(â€Å"Recruiter contact information,† 2012). We will compose a custom article test on The board and Leadership at Cvs Caremark or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The size and parts of the organization CVS Caremark has actualized an authority group contained gifted and differing pioneers who’s capacities makes the organization a pioneer among retail and claim to fame drug stores in the United States. CVS Caremark isolates the organization into a Business Unit that comprises of MinuteClinic, Pharmacy Benefit Management and Retail Pharmacy. Administration, characterized as affecting individual and gathering exercises toward objective accomplishment. Official initiative is a key segment to the achievement of CVS Caremark. CVS Caremark fill a significant number of their Executive Leadership openings from inside, partners are offered improvement designs and empower open exchange with associates and directors. Ordinary preparing and authority improvement programs guarantee that ability can be advanced from inside the organization. CVS Caremark utilizes Senior Executive Teams and office and line officials these positions are answerable for help and to work with groups that oversee the vast majority of the significant staff bolster capacities (â€Å"Recruiter contact information,†2012). The executives is depicted as the way toward working with individuals and assets to achieve authoritative objectives. At CVS Caremark there are a few kinds of administrators in the retail locations. There are area senior supervisors, locale drug store directors, head supervisors, move administrators, photograph lab chiefs, drug store supervisors, lead drug store educate, minute facility administrator and every chief report to the head supervisors. The conveyance place utilizes more supervisors just as different offices. Jobs and Responsibilities MinuteClinic are overseen by nurture expert who offer administrations to treat minor medical problems, for example, strep throat, and ear, eye, sinus, bladder, and bronchial contaminations. Others persuade of the moment center is the capacity to have a few basic immunizations, influenza shots, hepatitis An and B, lockjaw, and pneumonia. The advantage to the client is there are no arrangement fundamental and the expert pro can analyze and treat and compose remedies, which can be filled promptly in the store drug store with practically zero pausing. Other convient administrations are camp, sports, and school physicals on a day by day stroll in, no arrangement fundamental. Drug store Benefit Management is another specialty unit that helps the clients with dealing with their advantage, documenting solution via mail and in the retail setting. The administrations offered assistance the client record protection and fill their remedies. Administrations, for example, prepared fill and multi day gracefully of support prescriptions like circulatory strain, asthma drug, anti-conception medication, and so on can be naturally reordered each month or 90 days as indicated by their protection plan. The advantage to the traditions is that they don't need to record their protection and be repaid by the insurance agency. The medicines can be consequently topped off each month or like clockwork. CVS/drug store retail division is America’s driving retail drug store with in excess of 7,300 CVS/drug store and Longs Drug stores . Huge numbers of CVS/drug stores are open 24 hours, which is consistently an advantage to the client who may have a late night outing to the ER. CVS/drug store offer customized skill, in the retail locations and online at CVS. com. This is an advantage to the old patients, they don't need to make sure to bring in their remedies, and they get a coursity call if the solutions are not gotten inside two days after the fill. As individuals are living longer today the older commonly don't have help keeping up their medications or different needs and at time the duty can get overpowering. Clients appreciate the persuade to talk with a drug specialist about minor issues with their wellbeing or prescriptions. Bed to cost each cv/drug store offer doctor prescribed meds related medicinal services items and other wellbeing items, for example, emergency treatment items, supports, walkers for the older, bed skillet, and so forth. There are 600 in-store minute facilities with additional to stop by 2016. The front store offer a wide assortment of famous excellence supplies, wellbeing, and individual consideration brands, very much loaded persuade nourishments and a photograph lab with one hour administrations and numerous other photograph needs, regular path, and blessing thoughts and an enormous gracefully of cards for each event. CVS Caremark is in the United States, the organization is propelling a Spanish adaptation of Caremark. com. CVS Caremark planes precipitations approach most extensive Spanish-language Web webpage in PBM industry. The administrations gave will be indistinguishable administrations from English-talking clients. While CVS Caremark offers incredible administrations and advantages to their representatives, turnover can be an issue, because of certain components that stick out, According to Sam Walton of Wal-bazaar, â€Å"If you need to know where the issue is ask the front line†. The workers at CVS have a few issues that whenever adjusted the representatives might be more joyful and offer better client care. One issue is with the workplace, in retail drug store representatives work an eight-hour move and numerous days there is no breaks, no lunch, and commonly no washroom breaks. When managing clients who are wiped out and not feeling admirably, and all they need is to get their drugs and return home. The workers need to have a break from the insane quick pace of the cutting edge. This would deal with the washroom issue. While the administration doesn't advise workers not to enjoy a reprieve, they additionally don't make taking break simple. With respect to a mid-day break, representatives can have food in the store yet ordinarily a few stores may fill 800 to a 1,000 remedies per day. This leaves brief period to eat or whatever else. On the off chance that workers had a break and a brief period to eat, administration with a grin, is almost certain. Another worker issue is the work routine, no set calendars are , most store representatives including directors are required to work two-day movements and two night or night shifts and each other end of the week. On the off chance that the store is open 24 hours the last move get off around 11:00 p. m. . . The 24-hour stores never close for anything, precipitation slush or day off. On the off chance that CVS Caremark would take a gander at these couple of issues the administration would improve, the clients would be more joyful. Clients can on occasion hold up 30 minutes to an hour for their remedies. Worker who are depleted and hungry and need to go to the bathroom are less inclined to give extraordinary client care. CVS Caremark the executives is continually searching for approaches to improve their administration at the store level. There are week after week telephone gatherings for the supervisory crew, the drug specialist, the experts, and the minutecilnic, and retail front store. To talk about the month to month administration objectives and what should be finished to improve the administration for the months to come. The locale administrators should be in the store all the more frequently and the administration need to care more for their workers on a day by day bases and the executives will see an adjustment in client assistance scores. References: Recruiter contact data. (2012). Recovered from http://data. cvscaremark. com Step by step instructions to refer to Management and Leadership at Cvs Caremark, Papers

What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder

What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children By Ann Logsdon Ann Logsdon is a school psychologist specializing in helping parents and teachers support students with a range of educational and developmental disabilities.   Learn about our editorial policy Ann Logsdon Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Aron Janssen, MD on November 27, 2019 linkedin Aron Janssen, MD is board certified in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry and is the vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry Northwestern University.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Aron Janssen, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 skynesher/Vetta/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood and can last throughout adulthood. Symptoms Children with ODD display behaviors that are challenging for parents and educators. For example, they demonstrate aggression and purposeful misbehavior. They usually have difficulty interacting appropriately with peers and adults. The frequency and severity of their behavior problems cause difficulty at home and at school. These children often suffer from learning problems related to their behavior. Being argumentative and defiant is a common problem in these children. Other common symptoms of ODD include: Low tolerance for frustrationBeing easily annoyedPurposeful irritation of othersMoodiness and unprovoked angerNoncompliance with even simple requestsNo sense of conscienceLyingCausing conflict It is important to note that these symptoms occur in multiple domains and not just at home. Many children engage in oppositional behaviors with their parents but not in any other environment. Children with ODD display these behaviors in multiple domains. Children with persistent, severe symptoms may possibly have ODD and should be evaluated by a pediatric psychiatrist. It is unclear what causes ODD. However, a combination of child temperament and parents coping responses may be a factor in its development. Difficulties in family functioning may contribute as well. Managing Oppositional Defiant Disorder It is important that intervention begin as early as possible with these children. Treatment often involves counseling and therapy. Parent training in behavior management can be helpful. It will be important for the childs therapist to work closely with parents and teachers to ensure the effectiveness of a treatment program because behavior techniques that work with most children may be ineffective with children who have ODD. The Importance of a Routine Children with ODD often have a goal of annoying parents and teachers and will misbehave to provoke a negative response. It is especially important to set clear expectations rules and to apply them consistently. Having a routine can help ODD children cope with activities at home such as transitioning from dinner to homework to bedtime. Applying rules and following routines consistently and fairly are important for that reason. Forming a Positive Relationship The first step in treatment is building a positive relationship with your child. Most treatments for ODD begin with the parent engaging with the child in child-led play with the parent providing positive reinforcement and engagement. Discipline and Rewards The next step (and probably the most important) is to provide specific labeled praise and rewards for the pro-social behaviors you want to see. Treatment will often focus on one or two behavior problems, but the focus should be on reinforcing pro-social behaviors (i.e. keeping hands and feet to self, demonstrating respectful disagreements, etc.). If the child responds to behavior management systems, use stickers, tokens, or a behavior chart to show progress toward behavior goals. Allow the child to identify rewards he would like to earn. As the child demonstrates success, offer reinforcement such as spending time in a preferred activity, verbal praise, edible rewards, or items from a prize box. If the child has the tendency to do the opposite of what you want him to do, avoid giving direct praise that could result in misbehavior. For example, saying, I like the way youre keeping your hands to yourself, could provoke the child to become physically aggressive. Avoid arguing or lecturing the child, and try to keep your own temper under control. Avoid letting the child see you become angry, as this may be rewarding to her. Using a matter-of-fact tone of voice without emotion, simply state the rule that was broken and what the consequences will be. Be consistent and avoid getting into a verbal argument with the child over consequences or what happened. Allow the child to have a place to vent his frustrations. Provide a pillow to punch or to yell into. Social Interaction When the child interacts with others, make sure there is adequate supervision to ensure that rules can be enforced, and adults can help him interact appropriately. It can be helpful to have the schools counselor to work with peers to help them learn to respond appropriately to the childs behaviors. Formal social skills training can be effective in helping the child with ODD to interact with peers and adults. Can Children Recover From Oppositional Defiant Disorder? The prognosis for recovery from ODD is unclear. Some children will mature and symptoms of the disorder will subside into adulthood. Others will carry the disorder into adulthood. Meeting the complex needs of these children will require the cooperation of parents and school personnel as well as mental health professionals. A cooperative, consistent effort at home and school will improve the likelihood of a positive outcome for these children, especially when intervention begins at an early age.

What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder

What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children By Ann Logsdon Ann Logsdon is a school psychologist specializing in helping parents and teachers support students with a range of educational and developmental disabilities.   Learn about our editorial policy Ann Logsdon Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Aron Janssen, MD on November 27, 2019 linkedin Aron Janssen, MD is board certified in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry and is the vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry Northwestern University.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Aron Janssen, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 skynesher/Vetta/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood and can last throughout adulthood. Symptoms Children with ODD display behaviors that are challenging for parents and educators. For example, they demonstrate aggression and purposeful misbehavior. They usually have difficulty interacting appropriately with peers and adults. The frequency and severity of their behavior problems cause difficulty at home and at school. These children often suffer from learning problems related to their behavior. Being argumentative and defiant is a common problem in these children. Other common symptoms of ODD include: Low tolerance for frustrationBeing easily annoyedPurposeful irritation of othersMoodiness and unprovoked angerNoncompliance with even simple requestsNo sense of conscienceLyingCausing conflict It is important to note that these symptoms occur in multiple domains and not just at home. Many children engage in oppositional behaviors with their parents but not in any other environment. Children with ODD display these behaviors in multiple domains. Children with persistent, severe symptoms may possibly have ODD and should be evaluated by a pediatric psychiatrist. It is unclear what causes ODD. However, a combination of child temperament and parents coping responses may be a factor in its development. Difficulties in family functioning may contribute as well. Managing Oppositional Defiant Disorder It is important that intervention begin as early as possible with these children. Treatment often involves counseling and therapy. Parent training in behavior management can be helpful. It will be important for the childs therapist to work closely with parents and teachers to ensure the effectiveness of a treatment program because behavior techniques that work with most children may be ineffective with children who have ODD. The Importance of a Routine Children with ODD often have a goal of annoying parents and teachers and will misbehave to provoke a negative response. It is especially important to set clear expectations rules and to apply them consistently. Having a routine can help ODD children cope with activities at home such as transitioning from dinner to homework to bedtime. Applying rules and following routines consistently and fairly are important for that reason. Forming a Positive Relationship The first step in treatment is building a positive relationship with your child. Most treatments for ODD begin with the parent engaging with the child in child-led play with the parent providing positive reinforcement and engagement. Discipline and Rewards The next step (and probably the most important) is to provide specific labeled praise and rewards for the pro-social behaviors you want to see. Treatment will often focus on one or two behavior problems, but the focus should be on reinforcing pro-social behaviors (i.e. keeping hands and feet to self, demonstrating respectful disagreements, etc.). If the child responds to behavior management systems, use stickers, tokens, or a behavior chart to show progress toward behavior goals. Allow the child to identify rewards he would like to earn. As the child demonstrates success, offer reinforcement such as spending time in a preferred activity, verbal praise, edible rewards, or items from a prize box. If the child has the tendency to do the opposite of what you want him to do, avoid giving direct praise that could result in misbehavior. For example, saying, I like the way youre keeping your hands to yourself, could provoke the child to become physically aggressive. Avoid arguing or lecturing the child, and try to keep your own temper under control. Avoid letting the child see you become angry, as this may be rewarding to her. Using a matter-of-fact tone of voice without emotion, simply state the rule that was broken and what the consequences will be. Be consistent and avoid getting into a verbal argument with the child over consequences or what happened. Allow the child to have a place to vent his frustrations. Provide a pillow to punch or to yell into. Social Interaction When the child interacts with others, make sure there is adequate supervision to ensure that rules can be enforced, and adults can help him interact appropriately. It can be helpful to have the schools counselor to work with peers to help them learn to respond appropriately to the childs behaviors. Formal social skills training can be effective in helping the child with ODD to interact with peers and adults. Can Children Recover From Oppositional Defiant Disorder? The prognosis for recovery from ODD is unclear. Some children will mature and symptoms of the disorder will subside into adulthood. Others will carry the disorder into adulthood. Meeting the complex needs of these children will require the cooperation of parents and school personnel as well as mental health professionals. A cooperative, consistent effort at home and school will improve the likelihood of a positive outcome for these children, especially when intervention begins at an early age.

Report about The Effect Of Light Intensity On Oxygen Production

Abstract The purpose of our experiment was to visualize the effect of light intensity on oxygen production. In the capacity of a test subject we used algal cultures. For these researches we used the Winkler method of titration. Our experiment results showed that there is an effect of light intensity on oxygen production.   Our research has a great significance for agriculture, biochemistry and biophysics. Introduction Photosynthesis is the metabolic process by which plants trap solar energy, convert it to chemical energy, and store it in the bonds of organic nutrient molecules, such as glucose. Nearly all types of plants and algae, as well as some protists and bacteria, are capable of photosynthesis (Govindjee, 1990). Once the photosynthetic organisms we call autotrophs used light energy to generate sugars and other organic nutrients, they can break them down again for their own cellular energy needs. Animals, fungi, and most microbes (the three groups are heterotrophs), of course, use autotrophs, or organisms that eat autotrophs as food. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and energy to build glucose, instead of breaking down glucose to carbon dioxide and water and in the process releasing energy: Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Glucose + Oxygen. Photosynthesis consists of the â€Å"light-trapping† phase, which requires sunlight, and the sugar-building phase, which can proceed whether or not light is present (Postlewait Hopson, 1990, p. 104-112). It is estimated that between 70% and 80% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by marine plants. The oceans cover about 71% of our planet and land is only about 29%. Algae produce about 330 billion tons of oxygen each year. Algae produce oxygen during the daytime, which in turn provides oxygen for fish and other underwater organisms, microorganisms and plants. On the flip side, algae use oxygen at night, and too much algae can deplete the waters oxygen. Marine plants are also used as food. Algae are very important ecologically because they are the beginning of the food chain for other animals. Phytoplankton, a single-celled type of algae, is eaten by small animals called zooplankton (mostly crustaceans, such as tiny shrimp) that drift near the surface of the sea. The zooplankton is in turn fed upon by larger zooplankton, small fish, and some whales. Larger fish eat the smaller ones. At the top of the open-water food web may be fish-eating birds, seals, whales, very large fish s uch as sharks or bluefin tuna, and humans. Researchers from the Baylor University established the exact cause of the high toxicity of representative Chrysophyta Prymnesium parvum. It turned out, the degree of toxicity produced by these algae substances affect pH of the water of lakes and rivers. The higher pH implicates more toxic waste products of some algae. The discovery is of particular interest because, as we know, the algae are able to regulate the pH of the habitat. In laboratory tests, scientists were able to establish that the toxic activity of algae in water pH 8.5 increased by more than 5 times in comparison with this activity at pH 6.5. For measuring dissolved oxygen we used the Winkler method of titration. In 1888 the Hungarian Lajost Winkler proposed a titremetric method to measure dissolved oxygen in waters. The Winkler Method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in freshwater systems. Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where higher dissolved oxygen concentrations are correlated with high productivity and little pollution. This test is performed on-site, as delays between sample collection and testing may result in an alteration in oxygen content (Abril, 2000). Materials and Methods Procedure: Reagents List: 2ml Manganese sulfate; 2ml alkali-iodide-azide; 2ml concentrated sulfuric acid; 2ml starch solution; Sodium thiosulfate. Procedure: Filling a 300-mL glass Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) carefully stopper bottle brim-full with sample water. 10 bottles were used. Adding 2mL of manganese sulfate to the collection bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just below the surface of the liquid immediately. Adding 2 ml of alkali-iodide-acide reagent in the same manner. Stoppering the bottle with care to be sure no air is introduced. Mixing the sample by inverting several times. Checking for air bubbles. If oxygen is present, a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc will appear. Mixing the sample by turning it upside down several times after settling of this floc to the bottom. Adding 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the sample. Stoppering and inverting several times to dissolve the floc. At this point, the sample is fixed and can be stored for up to 8 hours if kept in a cool, dark place. As an added precaution, squirting distilled water along the stopper, and capping the bottle with aluminum foil and a rubber band during the storage period. In a glass flask, titrating 201 ml of the sample with sodium thiosulfate to a pale straw color. Titrating by slowly dropping titrant solution from a calibrated pipette into the flask and continually stirring or swirling the sample water. Adding 2 ml of starch solution; a blue color forms. Continuing slowly titrating until the sample turns clear. As this experiment reaches the endpoint, it will take only one drop of the titrant to eliminate the blue color. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sample is equivalent to the number of milliliters of titrate used. Each ml of sodium thiosulfate added in steps 6 and 8 equals 1 mg/l dissolved oxygen. Cell numbers were counted in each laboratory section at time zero. Cultures were then placed in incubators at 25, 37, and 45⠁ °C for 24 hours, and counted again. Our null hypothesis here is that there is no effect of temperature on bacterial growth. For the identification of bacteria growth we used the following steps: Step 1 calculating the growth rate by subtracting initial cell numbers from final cell numbers. Step 2 calculating the mean (Ã… ¶) growth rate for each temperature treatment. Step 3 calculating ÃŽ £Y which is the sum of all observed values within a treatment. Step 4 calculating ÃŽ £Y2, square each observation within a treatment, then add them all together. Step 5 calculating the sum of squares for each treatment. This is ÃŽ £Y2 (ÃŽ £Y)2/n, where n = the number of replicates. In this case n = 10 (10 lab sections). Step 6- calculating variance within each treatment. This is sum of squares/n , again where n = the number of replicates. In this case n = 10 (10 lab sections). Step 7- calculating the standard deviation within each treatment. This is the square root of variance. Step 8 Creating a graph for effects of temperature on bacterial growth. Step 9 calculating within-groups Sum of Squares. This is the sum of each individual treatment groups Sum of Squares. Step 10 calculating the sum of group means (ÃŽ £Ã… ¶). Step 11 calculating ÃŽ £Ã… ¶2, square each treatment mean, then add them all together. Step 12 calculating Sum of Squares for treatments (SStreat) = [ÃŽ £Ã… ¶2 (ÃŽ £Ã… ¶)2/k] x n, where k = number of treatment groups (here 3) and n = number of replicates (here 10). Step 13 calculating degrees of freedom associated with SSwithin [=k(n-1)] and the degrees of freedom associated with SStreat = k-1. Step 14 calculating Mean Square Error for within treatments (MSwithin) and Mean Square Error for between treatments (MStreat). Step 15 calculating F for the appropriate degrees of freedom. Here, for 2 and 27 degrees of freedom. F = MStreat / MSwithin. Results   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25⠁ °C   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   37⠁ °C 45⠁ °C mean (Ã… ¶) = 0,975   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,76 -0,75 standard deviation = 0,205438555 0,153101274 0,220861948 The results showed us that algae’s growth at 25⠁ °C was from 0 to 0.9. At 35⠁ °C it increased to 1.6. And finally at 45⠁ °C it decreased to -0.7. If we look at the tables of critical values of F associated with different alpha values, and if we use 2 and 24 degrees of freedom (27 degrees of freedom is not listed), we find the critical value of alpha of 0.01 = 99.45. Because our F-value is 714, which is much higher than 99.45, we can say that the probability of the null hypothesis being true, based on our data, is less than 0.01. By convention, we generally reject a null hypothesis if p (the probability of it being true) is less than 0.05. Our result is that temperature did have a significant effect on bacterial growth (F2.27 = 714, p 0.01). References John H. Postlewait, Janet L. Hopson (1990). Modern biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Abril 2000, modified by M. Hesselswe 2001, A.H. Nielsen 2007 Govindjee, W.J. Coleman â€Å"How plants make oxygen† Scientific American 262 (February 1990): 42-51.

The Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing - 806 Words

The impacts of hydraulic fracturing can be hard to analyze due to a lack of data available. The following case studies explored the effects of fracking on animals and humans within areas of hydraulic fracking sites. The case studies were completed in six states in which hydraulic fracturing sites has increased in recent years. These six states are Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The studies focus on the effects of animals because they may serve as sentinels for human exposure, with shorter lifetimes and more opportunity for data collection from necropsies (Bamberger Oswald, 2012, p.52). The case studies also take into account human exposure within the same area as the animals affected. The first case study in the article observed two homes within a short distance of 25 shale wells. These two homeowners both had farm animals on their property and used well water for their personal water source. Both homeowners reported incidents relating to wastewater exposure for both their animals and humans. One incident was when a truck carrying wastewater drove away from the impoundment site with an open valve, releasing approximately 20 gallons of wastewater onto the impoundment access road(62). The water that was released was also spilled onto a road near one of the homeowners property. Another incident occurred when the barriers for the wastewater impoundment failed causing a spill into a creek. It is believed that this occurrences could haveShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1467 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing Introduction For this assignment I have chosen to look in to a subject that is in the news media spotlight. The subject is the process of hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, we will learn about this process by answering the following questions. First what is hydraulic fracturing and what is the process used for. Then we will look at the actual process of hydraulic fracturing (how it works). Next we will take a closer look at some of the chemical use during the hydraulic fracturingRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing Has Recently Grown In Popularity As1516 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has recently grown in popularity as a means of energy production. There are advantages and disadvantages, mainly relating to the environment and the economy, of this industry. Although there are pros and cons to both sides of the issue, a compromise needs to be found for both the safety of the environment and to be able to support affordable energy production. Hydraulic fracturing, as an industry, has had a large economic impact by creating jobs. Using natural gas from hydraulicRead MoreIs Hydraulic Fracturing Environmentally Safe?1414 Words   |  6 PagesIs Hydraulic Fracturing Environmentally Safe? The United States has become one of the largest producers of natural gas and most of the production is from shale plays. Solar, wind, biomass waste and geothermal and hydroelectric energy have long been recognized as renewable and sustainable energy resources; however, they only comprise 9% of our energy consumption; this is in comparison to the growing production of natural gas which accounts for 40% of industrial and 74% of residential energy consumptionRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : An Ethical Approach1168 Words   |  5 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: An Ethical Approach Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreEssay On Fracking1181 Words   |  5 Pages There are still doubts about whether hydraulic fracturing will follow the forecasts put out by the United States energy Information Administration. Hughes write that producing 45 percent of the nations gas through fracking is basically impossible (31). He thinks that â€Å"drilling rates assumed by the EIA to meet its forecast are inadequate† (Hughes 31). Hughes supports that the current drilling rates of about 20,000 new wells per year are woefully short of what is needed to increase gas output (31)Read MoreFracking and the Halliburton Act Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing involves the use of water pressure to create fractures in rock that allow the oil and natural gas it contains to escape and flow out of a well (Energy From Shale).† Fracking has served to extract natural gas and oil where other methods would not be as successful but many environmentalists argue that fracking is affecting the environment and our drinking supply of water. Although fracking is still a controversial topic, it provides Americans jobs, increases theRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : The Good And The Bad1381 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: The Good and The Bad. Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreThe Issue Of Hydraulic Fracturing1444 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing One of the hottest new issues that has arisen to the forefront of the battle between environmentalists and the energy industry, where the health of future generations is set against our energy needs and economic growth, is the issue of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking as it is colloquially called. America’s new-found energy independence has been made possible using technology that was only a pipe dream a mere decade ago, slashing the disparity between net imports versus exportsRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And The Natural Gas Industry1454 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Science- Hydraulic Fracturing Introduction Hydraulic fracturing is a verified as well as well-regulated technology that was first used during the 1940s. Hydraulic fracturing has opened enormous new supplies of oil along with clean-burning natural gas that is from the dense deposits of shale. These supplies enhance the energy security of the U.S. and improve the nation’s ability to generate electricity for generations to come. Hydraulic Fracturing has been utilized in at least one millionRead MoreThe United States Of The Industrial Revolution1720 Words   |  7 Pagesno technology or tools advanced enough to drill into these rocks, until the 1970s and 1980s. Companies worked endlessly finding a way to allow shale rocks to release the gas that they held. Companies eventually came up with a practice called hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking; this process utilizes water pressure to fracture or break a rock in order to release and collect fuel such as gas or oil. In recent years, companies have mixed sand, chemic als and other proponents to retrieve the maximum

How to Find Samples Hook Essay Online

How to Find Samples Hook Essay Online The Benefits of Samples Hook Essay The reader will probably assume the quotation is valuable to your work. The introduction is a brief lead-in which makes the reader more interested in the remaining part of the content. An essay may be used to present an argument with the goal of convincing the audience to have a stand on a specific matter. As it usually aims to provide effective solutions to some problems, the good idea is to start with advice. The ideal method is to select the hook sentence that reveals the major idea of your essay. A superb idea is to hunt for some essay hook ideas on the net and analyze them. A few excellent essay hook ideas are usually everything you must begin. Before you determine an ideal hook, it is necessary to research widely on your topic. You do not need to restate the facts. Sometimes finding the most suitable quote can be hard, but your time researching will be paid in full with an intriguing hook. The Ultimate Approach to Samples Hook Essay Write an outline to assist you organize your essay. The more specific you're, the simpler it is going to be to prove it in your essay. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. Needless to say, essays are rarely so exciting to read, but they're also able to be written in a captivating and appealing way. To compel an audience to carry on reading your bit of writing, the very best tools to utilize in the debut of your essay are Essay hooks. Finding out how to write essay hook is an essential portion of learning how to compose awesome essays. The sort of an essay hook you use is dependent on the type of essay you're writing. Developing a hook for your essay is just one of the most crucial factors of writing. The Chronicles of Samples Hook Essay Imagine real people that you know for inspiration. Our custom cheap essay writing service has the wisdom and capability to finish your paper ensuring the maximum quality in the brief term. Tip Remember that a large part of those who ask you for a synopsis will use it to offer your presentation to others. Some famous folks are widely known, while some are highly distinguished in a certain subject of expertise. The power of the hook is defined by the way it can motivate individuals to read the full text. A hook is the initial sentence or two that is intended to actually captivate the reader. It is written to attract the reader. Some hooks can't be utilized in formal writing unless when used with lots of of literary creativity. The kind of hook you will use will be dependent on the type of writing you're compiling. There are many types of hooks that you could look at making their work interesting to read. If you're still not able to develop an exciting hook, you always have the option to ask professionals for assistance. All you should understand is the best way to compose a fantastic hook depending on the type, purpose, and target audience of your undertaking. The Ideal Strategy for Samples Hook Essay In the event you must generate a hook sentence for an essay during the exam, you won't need to work within a quick term. Be sure you are knowledgeable regarding the element you opt for in order for your process analysis instructions will be clear for the reader. Employing statistical data right at the commencement of your essay makes it seem really professional and well-researched. In order to acquire an internship, you might be requested to compose an essay with your application. Samples Hook Essay - Is it a Scam? You may choose to take a look at a position paper sample before starting the practice. The trick to making your essay stick out from the rest is to get a strong introduction. When choosing to compose an allegory, you first must choose symbols and figurative representations for ideas which do not own a material form. At times, all you will need is a sentence to receive your creative juices flowing again.

Theories In Sustainable Supply Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Theories In Sustainable Supply Management? Answer: Introducation The activity of, services, products and goods flowing through different stages of production, starting from procurement of raw materials- storage of the raw materials, inventory processes- processing and development of finished goods- storage of the finished or processed goods- transportation of goods or mediums of service to the consumption point, this whole process is known as the supply chain management (Heckmann, Comes Nickel, 2015). The objectives of the process include increasing the efficiency of production, faster dispersal of goods or service, production of quality products or service, and increased productivity for the company. The objective of this research is to understand the process of supply chain management in details with the help of a case study and then comparison with appropriate literature and articles on the subject. The organisation that has been chosen for the case study is Food Panda. Food Panda is a supply chain based company that has an online portal through which customers can book food online from the restaurant of their choice (Foodpanda.com, 2018). The process includes ordering in the Food Panda portal and the delivery executive will pick up the order and deliver duly within time. Importance Of Supply Chain Management And The Reasons Customers Will Choose Food Panda As stated by Shyam (2015), Supply Chain Management as per its name is the management of the supply in the chain of stages that take part in the completion of service or delivery of product. The author has stated that there are primarily three stages of supply chain, procurement, production, and distribution. In the case of Food Panda the procurement of order takes place from the websites part, and the procurement of the raw materials to prepare the ordered food takes place from the restaurants side. The food is produced. In this case, there is another stage of procurement when the prepared food is procured by the delivery executive. In the next step, the delivery executive produces a service where he transports the food to the customer. In the case of Food Panda the service and the distribution happens consecutively, as distribution is their main service. Supply and distribution along with logistics are not new concepts in human civilisation, as these have been happening from the ver y beginning (Christopher, 2016). It depends on the business how innovatively the concepts are utilised in a new way that can give an edge to the business over its competitors. The undeniable importance of the supply chain management in businesses have been duly recognised not very long ago (Christopher, 2016). Food Panda has utilised the innovation in supply chain management and used it in favour of its business. According to the authors of the article The role of management in the evolution of the company's supply chain supply chain managers has to ensure a high degree of co-ordination and synchronisation to keep the system running (Sorbi et al., 2017). This is especially true in the case of Food Panda where the team receiving the order has to co-ordinate the same with the delivery boy, and the restaurant who will start preparing the order. The delivery boy then picks up the order co-ordinating with the restaurant and then connects with the customer to complete delivery, this needs high precision, and synchronisation to complete. Theories And Models Of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is a dynamic process and there are no fixed and bound rules or theories to be followed in this regard. There is a resource based view theory which gives importance to the resources which may take forward a firms ability of competition according to the article Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning the author has pointed out (Stadtler, 2015). The theory states not all the resources are of equal importance and must be judged wisely. Touboulic Walker, (2015) have pointed out that there are not enoughnumber of theories about the Supply Chain Management process and the ones existing have gaps in their structure. The article also defines the sustainable theory of Supply Chain management. Monczka et al, (2015) have discussed about the channel coordination in the SCM process, which has an objective of aligning and synchronising the strategies of individual enterprises. There might be a number of multiple decision making horizons and information which is asymmetric and unstructured. There are multiple decision making situations in the case of Food Panda as well, when priorities in orders have to be understood when there is less number of delivery executives but more orders flow in. In the article The role of marketing channels in supply chain management the authors have pointed out that the lack of centralisation in decision making often leads to a situation of dilemma and doubt in various quarters and the overall performance may be affected (Kozlenkova et al., 2015). In the article Competition and Coordination in a Two?Channel Supply Chain. Competition and Coordination in a Two?Channel Supply Chain the authors have pointed out the duality in coordination and competitio n in cases where the supplier is same but the retailers may compete in order to gain profit. In the case of Food Panda various restaurants and Fast food shops may compete to get the first priority in the category of the same food. In supply chain management process the theory of constraints is also applied and researched in many articles. In the article Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modelling the bullwhip affect is identified as one major reason for ineffectiveness in supply chain management. Bullwhip affect is the increased movement in the inventories of businesses in response to the demands of the market which may be increasing or decreasing. In the case of Food Panda the bull whip affect is a major probkem because even if there is less number of orders they have to maintain the same number of delivery executives and work force. In the article Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions the authors have pointed out to the quantitative models of Supply Chain Management process and how can they be used in sustainable supply and distribution. The triple bottom line (TBL) or the integration of social aspects with other variables like the environmental aspects taking consideration of economic situation. SCM has evolved with time into not just a physical flow of gods but into complexities of decision making. In the case of Food Panda this is very evident because even the delivery executives have to take part in certain decision making. Value Supply Chain Process And How The Company May Deliver Value Proposition The best value chain concept in supply chain management is enforced by the speed, quality, cost, and flexibility. All these aspects are important for the theoretical perspectives. The organization always wants to deliver proper value to their customers. The value may be in terms of product, quality, cost, availability, and choice. The market extension can create competitions and prominent theoretical aspects of strategies models enhance better business chances for the organization. The behavioral change, in theory, can also mould the product dimension and supply chain management has taken this responsibility to open up the business market for contingency categories. As mentioned by Muysinaliyev Aktamov (2014), There are different theoretical perspectives allocated for the business. The transaction cost economic theory is one of the best values in supply chain process and ensures customers to buy their products. Agency theory is another aspect of cultural enhancement that aligned wit h the business opportunism so the market enhancement can sustain. As narrated by Martnez-Jurado Moyano-Fuentes (2014), Resource dependency and competitive alignment is the key aspect of the strategic development of the organization. The social capacity theory is another aspect shared the goals, value, and experiences of improved product performance. If products can create a better place in the market and socially acclaimed by the people then it would be easier for the company to promote that product in the market. The basic blend of performance and strategic values are important for strategic changes in the organization. In case of improved values, better goal and circumstances are the key factor in this process and that creates a good chance for business opportunities. Optimization Method Of Supply Chain Management There are some traditional methods and techniques for supply chain management process. These traditional methods are basically focused on the financial measures and return on investment. The rate of return and net present value has been declared in that optimization method and that evaluation method suited for the newer generation. Flexibility is service system is important for business operation perspective and will likely enhance the customer expectations for innovative products and service (Jain et al., 2010). Customers always want a better quality of the product so better financial support is also needed for the perspective. Innovative technology is also needed for that process and strategic planning is the main thing that better supply organization. As commented by Stadtler (2015), Information must be readily accessible to all companies in the supply chain process and the business procedures should be organized in a mode to make full use of this information. However, as these ar e problematic to amount or practice as a guideline to monitor development, more effective dimension methods, and indexes were advanced (Belin Forc, 2012). On a more operative level, the key presentation indicators are total costs, excellence and central times in the supply chain. Survey of presentation measures presented that cost and customer receptiveness to rule as the most frequent declared measures. The outline and practice of supply change framework help companies to improve presentation across the whole supply chain process in an efficient method and so that key performance indicators develop the fields in a positive way. Supplier Relationship Issues With Global Customers Customer satisfaction is an entire presentation for staying well-informed in a modest environment that can be attained only by rapidly answering to customer requirements. Effectual consumer response (ECR) is a supply chain management approach that endeavors to discourse the inadequacies in the supply chain are important for this occasion. Customer relation is the most effective issue for supply base management practice and produces some competitive edge for better customer drove driving policy (Ashby, Leat Hudson-Smith, 2012). For the long-term relationship, companies performance matters and effective performance productivity is the key aspect of that designing method. There are some issues in logistic like planned routes, environment policies, iterative approach for distribution and making a good relation with supply chain management is important for the development of the relationship with global customers (Touboulic Walker, 2015). Global customers are important for the company t o stretch their business market externally. Trading issue and market competencies can be judged by the organization if strategic benefits are aligned with outsourcing decision. As discussed by Fayezi, O'Loughlin Zutshi (2012), Sometimes franchises are taking this responsibility to channelize their market and company is also flexible to make them control over then business partially. They can take the brand name of the company and deliver only those products that manufactured by the company and also promise to maintain the brand image of the company and this is going to be the biggest outsourcing for the organization to make a good profit from different sections of business and this would be happened only because of effective supply chain. Sustainable Supply Chain Management In the article Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications there has been a detailed discussion about the importance and necessity of sustainability in supply chain management (Genovese et al., 2017). Environmental concern is another issue for sustainable development in Supply Chain Management (Dubey et al., 2017). Food Panda has reduced the need of paperwork in billing of food and hence given a better environmental and eco friendly option for supply chain management. However certain concerns like pollution caused by the bikes of the delivery executives still persist. Formentini Taticchi (2016) in their article Corporate sustainability approaches and governance mechanisms in sustainable supply chain management shows by evidence how sustainable leaders can induce the practice of sustainability in their followers. This can be adopted by the organisation in case study, Food Panda to induce sustainability all over the organisation structure. Issues With Supply Chain Management And Gaps In the article Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain the authors have noted how there have been emerging issues in terms of logistics in food procurement and distribution. The author has taken example of Tesco which has transformed from a small store to a full fledged retail chain selling grocery and home requirements (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Although there is a certain difference in the type of business that Food Panda does, but the similarity is both of the companies have grown from small to big. The main issue has been the increasing complexity that comes with growth. In countries, which are dominated by Islamic faith, there is a issue of serving Halal food. In the article Halal supply chain management training: issues and challenges the author has discussed about the challenges with receiving Halal certification and and maintaining the standards (Hashim Shariff, 2016). Food Panda operating in a number of Islamic countries has to keep strict vigilance on the Halal standards. According to Wang et al, (2016), the supply chain management has to deal with big data processing systems. Big data can be useful and complicated both at the same time. There has been separate departments and whole consultants dealing with big data. In the case of Food Panda the company has to constantly deal with orders coming in from various platforms, and then distributing the orders to the concerned delivery executives in the right time. Zhong et al, (2016) have also pointed out in their article Big Data for supply chain management in the service and manufacturing sectors: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives, that how information from service sectors as well as manufacturing sectors have been becoming huge in volume and complicated by the day. In the article, it was found that many managers in the upper level of the organisations are often oblivious about big data analysis and its outcomes, there is also need for better optimisation at different levels like operati onal, analytical and strategic. In the article A hybrid framework for the modelling and optimisation of decision problems in sustainable supply chain management, the authors have stated the altering and optimising the decision making system of the companies that deal with supply chain management that can lead to better decision making. In the article the author have proposed a combination of mathematical programming and constraint programming (Sitek Wikarek, 2015). Food Panda may well consider the proposed solutions to optimize the business it deals with. In the article A new fuzzy DEA model for evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of suppliers in sustainable supply chain management context the issues with developing a sustainable supply chain management process has been detailed (Azadi et al., 2015). In order to develop a sustainable model of supply process the Data Envelopment Process (DEA) is proposed to be utilised. Purchasing and distribution process becomes more complicated with the pressures from various agents of the environment and a sustainable process helps in avoiding these. Big data is an emerging field of further research and it is undeniably necessary for companies like Food Panda (Schoenherr Speier?Pero, 2015) Suggestions For Supply Chain Improvement The market conceptual map and the practical tools help to identify the policy issues of supply chain management. This is a process that enhancing the quality standard and deliver proper market information to maintain that chain in an effective way. There can be calamities that disrupt supply chain and improvement has to be done to tackle such situations (Snyder et al., 2016). There are four different areas of supply chain management and all these are creating extraneous factors to influence the business enhancement. Process upgradation is the first factor in the supply chain management and organization has to maintain their process in an evaluative way so that better results can be extracted from that. Product upgrading is another way the organization concerns about this and they can change the old product to a new one so that customers also get attached to the innovative product. Functional upgrading is a mix of operational activities that conducted by the organization and enhance t he external market of the company. As asserted by Shukla, Garg Agarwal (2011), the functional operation includes all the logistic facilities, resource management, and finance and distribution issues to cover up. Hence, all the operational sections are co-ordinated by this segment. The last section influences the entire chain or channel upgradation and this enhances to switch the production from one end to another. The process also calculates the new market entries and tries to channelize a new product in the business market. As commented by Colicchia Strozzi (2012), Improvement in food quality and meeting customer expectation is a major aspect of the company. The management network is interconnected with the provision of product and service packages from the organization. Conclusion Food Panda has been very successful in transforming the system of food delivery on earth. The company has redefined how the practice of supply chain management can be utilised at an optimised level to give maximum productive value to the society and the business. However from the above literature reviews that has been done certain issues have been found major of which are the persisting unsustainable mode of transportation of food, managing the delivery executives at a finer level, dealing with big data analytics, and making decisions that are balanced and logical and not just periodical. These gaps and limitations have to be fulfilled by the company by better strategic decision making and more fluid and effective supply chain methods. The literature review discusses about various models and theories of supply chain management and their implementation. These can be utilised in various level of the organisation to give a lean but fit organisational structure to the company. References Ashby, A., Leat, M., Hudson-Smith, M. (2012). Making connections: a review of supply chain management and sustainability literature.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), 497-516. Azadi, M., Jafarian, M., Saen, R. F., Mirhedayatian, S. M. (2015). A new fuzzy DEA model for evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of suppliers in sustainable supply chain management context.Computers Operations Research,54, 274-285. Belin, J., Forc, H. (2012). Supply chain management of blood products: A literature review.European Journal of Operational Research,217(1), 1-16. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Colicchia, C., Strozzi, F. (2012). Supply chain risk management: a new methodology for a systematic literature review.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(4), 403-418. Costas, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D., Pino, R., Puche, J. (2015). Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modeling.Expert Systems with Applications,42(4), 2049-2060. David, A., Adida, E. (2015). Competition and Coordination in a Two?Channel Supply Chain.Production and Operations Management,24(8), 1358-1370. Fayezi, S., O'Loughlin, A., Zutshi, A. (2012). Agency theory and supply chain management: a structured literature review.Supply chain management: an international journal,17(5), 556-570. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Foodpanda.com. (2018).About Foodpanda India.foodpanda. Retrieved 25 January 2018, from https://www.foodpanda.com/contents/about.htm Formentini, M., Taticchi, P. (2016). Corporate sustainability approaches and governance mechanisms in sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, 1920-1933. Genovese, A., Acquaye, A. A., Figueroa, A., Koh, S. L. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications.Omega,66, 344-357. Hashim, H. I. C., Shariff, S. M. M. (2016). Halal supply chain management training: issues and challenges.Procedia Economics and Finance,37, 33-38. Heckmann, I., Comes, T., Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition, measure and modeling.Omega,52, 119-132. Jain, J., Dangayach, G. S., Agarwal, G., Banerjee, S. (2010). Supply chain management: Literature review and some issues.Journal of Studies on Manufacturing,1(1). Kozlenkova, I. V., Hult, G. T. M., Lund, D. J., Mena, J. A., Kekec, P. (2015). The role of marketing channels in supply chain management.Journal of Retailing,91(4), 586-609. Martnez-Jurado, P. J., Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2014). Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, 134-150. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Muysinaliyev, A., Aktamov, S. (2014). Supply chain management concepts: literature review.IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM),15(6), 60-66. Shukla, R. K., Garg, D., Agarwal, A. (2011). Understanding of supply chain: A literature review.International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,3(3), 2059-2072. Shyam, R. (2015). Importance of Supply Chain Management.International Journal of Engineering and Management Research (IJEMR),5(2), 197-201. Sitek, P., Wikarek, J. (2015). A hybrid framework for the modelling and optimisation of decision problems in sustainable supply chain management.International Journal of Production Research,53(21), 6611-6628. Sorbi, S., Zorrieh, S., Jalilian, I., Sani, M. M. S. (2017). The role of management in the evolution of the company's supply chain.European Journal of Management and Marketing Studies. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Touboulic, A., Walker, H. (2015). Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(1/2), 16-42. Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W., Papadopoulos, T. (2016). Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,176, 98-110. Zhong, R. Y., Newman, S. T., Huang, G. Q., Lan, S. (2016). Big Data for supply chain management in the service and manufacturing sectors: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives.Computers Industrial Engineering,101, 572-591. Snyder, L. V., Atan, Z., Peng, P., Rong, Y., Schmitt, A. J., Sinsoysal, B. (2016). OR/MS models for supply chain disruptions: A review.IIE Transactions,48(2), 89-109. Schoenherr, T., Speier?Pero, C. (2015). Data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: Current state and future potential.Journal of Business Logistics,36(1), 120-132. Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Papadopoulos, T., Childe, S. J., Shibin, K. T., Wamba, S. F. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management: framework and further research directions.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, 1119-1130

Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance

One of the most notable aspects of post-industrial modernity is that, as of today, the pace of the ongoing technological progress attained a clearly defined exponential momentum, which in turn challenges the validity of people’s conventional outlooks on what the notions of ‘privacy’ and ‘journalism’ stand for.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The soundness of this suggestion can be illustrated, in regards to the fact that it now became possible for private citizens to be in the position to take aerial shots/videos of the important events in the making (newsgathering), as well as to spy on others (surveillance). The development in question has been brought about by the recent breakthroughs in the field of avionics technology, which dramatically increased the affordability of the so-called ‘unman ned aerial vehicles’ (UAVs), or as they are informally referred to – drones. The term in question applies to the autonomously flown aircraft, as well as to those that fly in the remotely controlled mode. However, the newly emerged newsgathering/surveillance opportunities, in this respect, appear to stir much of a public controversy – the direct consequence of the fact that the practice of drone-based newsgathering can be defined; as such that violates the provisions of the U.S. Constitution’s Fourth Amendment. As Schlag (2013) aptly pointed out, â€Å"Under the Fourth Amendment, Americans are guaranteed a certain degree of privacy through the right ‘to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effect against unreasonable searches and seizures’† (p. 12). At the same time, forbidding citizens to use drones, as the mean of gathering and publicizing information of a social significance, would clearly transgress the Constitutionâ€⠄¢s First Amendment, concerned with protecting freedom of speech, as the fundamental principle of how American society functions. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that during the course of recent years, there have been published a number of analytical articles that discuss the pros and cons of legitimizing the concerned practice from a variety of different perspectives.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the main advantages of using drones to gather information is being usually mentioned the sheer cost-effectiveness of the practice in question. According to Holton, Lawson and Love (2015), â€Å"Even the most effective UAVs available for journalistic purposes cost less than $1000 and can be operated at a fraction of the cost of their heavier and less reliable helicopter counterparts† (p. 638). The advocates of drone-based newsgatheri ng also point out to the fact that drones allow the types of live news-coverage that used to be considered impossible earlier (such as providing people with the aerial glimpse of a natural disaster in making, for example). After all, due to being unmanned, drones can be flown even under the circumstances that most pilots would have found intolerable, â€Å"Drones†¦ allow journalists access to places that are dangerous or unreachable, and they provide an aerial view that captures images in ways that photographs taken from the ground cannot† (McIntyre, 2015, p. 160). Finally, there is a good rationale in believing that drones can help the law enforcement agencies to tackle the task of ensuring public safety. As Clarke (2014) noted: â€Å"Drones (provide)†¦ relatively very safe and quick reconnaissance at emergency scenes, resulting in effective and relatively safe tactical responses† (p. 240). Nevertheless, there are also those who believe that the concerned ty pe of newsgathering/surveillance is socially counter-beneficial, because there are some rather substantial cons to it, as well. Alongside with the earlier mentioned fact that drones can be used to violate one’s privacy, it is commonly alleged that the practice of flying drones (some of them weight up to 150 kg.) over the densely populated areas, represents an acute threat not only to the citizens’ right to confidentiality, but also to their very lives. Moreover, it is often suggested that the drone-based paradigm of newsgathering undermines the integrity of American society from within, because it establishes the objective preconditions for Americans to continue growing ever more intellectually marginalized. After all, it does not represent any secret that it is specifically the tabloid-type of journalists (paparazzi), who seem to be much more excited about the drone-enabled newsgathering opportunities, as compared to what it is the case with the mainstream journalists . In fact, because of these newly emerged opportunities, some people claim that it is only the matter of time before journalism transforms into ‘voyeurnalism’, defined as a â€Å"corrupted journalism†¦ in which information regarding events and issues is gathered and presented that is not ‘in the public interest’, but rather is ‘what the public is interested in’† (Clarke, 2014, p. 240).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is specifically due to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) stance on the issue that drones are not being used quite as widely for newsgathering, as they could have been. This simply could not be otherwise – the representatives of this Federal agency persist in claiming that the concerned practice is unlawful, because it can be us ed for moneymaking, â€Å"The FAA considers any use of a UAV for profit or by a for-profit organization, even if the use of the UAV does not specifically generate profit, to be commercial activity and therefore banned† (Holton, Lawson, Love, 2015, p. 636). What is especially peculiar, in this respect, is that the bureaucrats in question do not even bother to explain since when it became an offense in America for people to resort to the technologically advanced means of generating income. Thus, there is indeed a good reason to expect that, as time goes on, the debate of whether the practice of using drones for newsgathering/surveillance should be legalized or not, will continue to remain acute in the near future. Still, for those whose ability to think in terms of logic has not been completely atrophied, this specific issue may hardly appear controversial. The reason for this is apparent – it does not represent any challenge to expose just about every claim, concerned with deeming aerial drone-newsgathering/surveillance ‘dangerous’ or ‘immoral’, as utterly fallacious. After all, it does not take a particularly analytical individual to realize that the most ardent critics of drones as ‘evil’ gadgets, designed solely for the purpose of invading people’s privacy, consist of neocons, who simultaneously promote the idea that the FBI and NSA should be allowed to tap into people’s phones and to arrest citizens, without having obtained a court consent – all for the sake of making America ‘safer’. It is quite notable, in this respect, that the same individuals would not be overly concerned if it was solely up to the government to violate people’s privacy with the help of drones. After all, as Bennett (2014) aptly noted: â€Å"The drone was initially developed for government applications and only afterwards transitioned to private ones† (par. 4). Yet, when journalists an d private citizens started to use drones to gather information, the self-appointed representatives of the ‘moral majority’ began to refer to this practice as such that contradicts the Fourth Amendment.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for us to make sense out of this ostensible phenomenon, it needs to be mentioned that, even though America’s top-officials never cease proclaiming that the country’s mainstream Media are ‘free’, this in fact is far from being the actual case. Apparently, only a few people are capable of understanding the simple fact that American Media cannot be ‘free’ by the virtue of being owned by the representatives of the country’s oligarchy, which share the same socio-political and economic agenda. Therefore, contrary to what many people believe, American mainstream Media do not function as merely the information-channeling mediums, but as the instruments of subjecting ordinary citizens to the different forms of psychological manipulation. In its turn, this led to the situation when, as of today, for as long as Americans have not seen a particular event being covered on TV, there is no way for them to learn that this event actually did ta ke place. Yet, there is one important precondition for America’s mainstream Media to be able to manipulate with people’s opinions, and to consequently affect the essence of political dynamics in this country – to be provided with a monopoly on distributing information. This explains the FAA’s negative stance on the idea that drones should be recognized as the legitimate tool of journalism – such a development would inevitably result in causing more and more citizens to wonder about many things that the government would not like them to. After all, one’s ability to purchase and to fly a drone for the purpose of newsgathering/surveillance, automatically presupposes the concerned individual’s familiarity with social Media, such as Facebook or YouTube – the only alternative sources of information in America’s media-space, dominated by a few large media-corporations. Therefore, the ‘public’ outcry against the use of drones by private individuals is artificially induced, â€Å"No court cases have been reported in which someone sued a journalist for violating his privacy by gathering information with a drone† (McIntyre, 2015, p. 162). It is all about money and power, as usual, rather than about ‘morality’ or ‘safety’. The country’s rich and powerful are aware that information is power and they do not want to share it with anybody else – pure and simple. In light of the above-stated, there can be only a few doubts that drone-based newsgathering is indeed thoroughly appropriate – even if assessed from the legal perspective. The FAA can threaten people with the prospect of being administratively/criminally persecuted for flying drones all it wants, but this organization’s currently enacted drone-related regulations are essentially bylaws, which mean they can be easily overruled with the references being made to the fundamental provisio ns of the U.S. Constitution. Therefore, the journalists’ right to use drones on the line of their professional duty cannot be restricted. The same can be said about the practice of using drones for surveillance – fearing that they may invade one’s privacy simply does not make any sense in the age when the very notion of ‘privacy’ has grown utterly outdated. Those who oppose drone-technology, as such that can enhance journalism/law enforcement, act contrary to this country’s national interests – regardless whether they realize it or not. I believe that this conclusion is fully consistent with the line of argumentative logic, deployed throughout the paper. References Bennett, W. (2014). Civilian drones, privacy, and the federal-state balance. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/civilian-drones-privacy-and-the-federal-state-balance/ Clarke, R. (2014). Understanding the drone epidemic. Computer Law   Security Review, 30(3), 230-246. Holton, A., Lawson, S., Love, C. (2015). Unmanned aerial vehicles,  Journalism Practice, 9(5), 634-650. McIntyre, K. (2015). How Current Law Might Apply to Drone Journalism. Newspaper Research Journal, 36(2), 158-169. Schlag, C. (2013). The new privacy battle: How the expanding use of drones continues to erode our concept of privacy and privacy rights. Journal of Technology Law Policy, XIII, 1-22. This critical writing on Drones for Newsgathering Surveillance was written and submitted by user Mallory Oneil to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mary White Rowlandson

Mary White Rowlandson Known for:  Indian captivity narrative published 1682 Dates: 1637? - January 1710/11 Also known as: Mary White, Mary Rowlandson About Mary White Rowlandson Mary White was probably born in England to parents who immigrated in 1639. Her father was, at his death, wealthier than any of his neighbors in Lancaster, Massachusetts. She married Joseph Rowlandson in 1656; he was ordained as a Puritan minister in 1660. They had four children, one of whom died as an infant. In 1676, near the end of King Philips War, a group of Nipmunk and Narragansett Indians attacked Lancaster, burned the town and captured many of the settlers. Rev. Joseph Rowlandson was on his way to Boston at the time, to raise troops to protect Lancaster. Mary Rowlandson and her three children were among them. Sarah, 6, died in captivity of her wounds. Rowlandson used her skill in sewing and knitting so she was useful while the Indians moved around in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to elude capture by the colonists. She met with the Wampanoag chief, Metacom, who had been named King Philip by the settlers. Three months after the capture, Mary Rowlandson was ransomed for  £20. She was returned at Princeton, Massachusetts, on May 2, 1676. Her two surviving children were released soon after. Their home had been destroyed in the attack, so the Rowlandson family reunited in Boston. Joseph Rowlandson was called to a congregation in Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1677. In 1678, he preached a sermon about his wifes captivity, A Sermon of the Possibility of Gods Forsaking a People that have been near and dear to him. Three days later, Joseph died suddenly. The sermon was included with early editions of Mary Rowlandsons captivity narrative. Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott in 1679, but no later details of her life are known except some court testimony in 1707, her husbands death in 1691, and her own death in 1710/11. The Book Her book was written to retell the details of Mary Rowlandsons captivity and rescue in the context of religious faith. The book was originally titled The Soveraignty Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed; Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, Commended by her to all that Desire to Know the Lords Doings to, and Dealings with Her. Especially to her Dear Children and Relations. The English edition (also 1682) was retitled A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, A Ministers Wife in New-England: Wherein is set forth, The Cruel and Inhumane Usage she underwent amongst the Heathens for Eleven Weeks time: And her Deliverance from them. Written by her own Hand, for her Private Use: and now made public at the earnest Desire of some Friends, for the Benefit of the Afflicted. The English title emphasized the capture; the American title emphasized her religious faith. The book became an immediate best-seller and went through many editions. It is widely read today as a literary classic, the first of what became a trend of captivity narratives where white women, captured by Indians, survived overwhelming odds. Details (and assumptions and stereotypes) about the life of women among the Puritan settlers and in the Indian community are valuable to historians. Despite the overall emphasis (and title, in England) stressing cruel and inhumane usage... amongst the heathens, the book is also notable for conveying an understanding of the captors as individuals who suffered and faced tough decisions as human beings with some sympathy towards their captives (one gives her a captured Bible, for example). But beyond being a story of human lives, the book is also a Calvinist religious treatise, showing the Indians as instruments of God sent to be a scourge to the whole Land. Bibliography These books may be helpful for more information on Mary White Rowlandson and on Indian captivity narratives in general. Christopher Castiglia.  Bound and Determined: Captivity, Culture-Crossing and White Womanhood. University of Chicago, 1996.Kathryn and James Derounian and Arthur Levernier.  Indian Captivity Narrative, 1550-1900. Twayne, 1993.Kathryn Derounian-Stodola, editor.  Womens Indian Captivity Narratives.  Penguin, 1998.Frederick Drimmer (editor).  Captured by the Indians: 15 Firsthand Accounts, 1750-1870.  Dover, 1985.Gary L. Ebersole.  Captured By Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity.  Virginia, 1995.Rebecca Blevins Faery.  Cartographies of Desire: Captivity, Race, and Sex in the Shaping University of Oklahoma, 1999.on an American Nation.June Namias.  White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.  University of North Carolina, 1993.Mary Ann Samyn.  Captivity Narrative.  Ohio State University, 1999.Gordon M. Sayre, Olaudah Equiano and Paul Lauter, editors.  American Captivity Narratives. D C Heath, 2000.Pauline Turner Strong.  Captive Selves, Captivating Others.  Westview Press, 2000.

Community and Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community and Domestic Violence - Essay Example Most gang members are pulled into the world of violence because of a number of flaws in the system. Basic essentials are denied to the youth and his concept of being caught in the same cycle as his parents frighten him into choosing any path available to escape it. It has been proven by the National Academies Press that gang violence hits the areas that are economically backward the hardest (7). These gang members are motivated by the life around them to find a way out. Thus, by joining a gang the individual ensures a sure-fire way of achieving an income. An income that is presented through shows of courage and loyalty to the gang is important as it comes with the due respect. The arms available to any gang has increased by the hundredfold. In 2001, the Boston Globe printed an article speaking of an unregistered arms dealer was sentenced to 13 years in prison for selling grenades to members of street gangs Thus revealing that in America today, it has become abundantly easy for any young gang-member to obtain arms. An individual case of this violence comes from Mario Banuelos who was a member of a gang in Morgan Hill, California. He speaks of an incident where he was beaten up by a boy. Unable to fight back he expected the boy to terrorize him but learned a lesson when after the first beating the boy returned to apologize for his actions (Morgan Hills Times).   The evidence in this story proves that Banuelos chose to fight as had been taught by the street culture but in turn forgot the basics of humanity that instill an individual to apologize when they feel they have wronged a fellow being. When the boy came back to say sorry, Banuelos was reminded that fighting was not the solution to every problem. And this self-realization allowed him to change his life.     

Slurry Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slurry Wall - Essay Example They provided a low permeability obstacle to contaminant transport. The first slurry wall was built in Italy. Icos built the wall in Italy by using bentonite slurry support as the cut off wall. He went on to construct the first slurry wall for the Milan Metro. In mid 1960s, European contractors introduced the slurry walls in the United States. It was first used in the World Trade Center found in New York, the Bank of California found in San Francisco and the CAN building found in Chicago. Many projects of the slurry wall in the United States are found in Chicago, San Francisco, Washington, New York and Boston. Slurry walls are used extensively in the Central Artery/Tunnel project. This project involved many cover and cut tunnels built under the prevailing artery. The technology behind slurry wall centers on specific equipment used to excavate slurry trenches. The mechanical clamshell is the simplest kind of trenching equipment and is put on a Kelly bar. Different contractors have developed particular equipment such as hydromills, hydraulic clamshells or fraise (Mulligan, Yong & Gibbs, 2001). These walls are used in retaining foundations of the wall and retaining control of the wall water. Additionally, they are used as long-lasting basement walls in top down construction method, used as earth retention walls for tunnels, excavations and basements. They are also used in vertical foundation elements with high capacity (Opdyke & Evans, 2005). They are used as cut off curtains, gas barriers in areas with landfills, seepage control, and contaminated groundwater. Moreover, the diaphragms are used in seepage and water control for deep excavations. The construction cost of slurry wall for cut off barriers is much cheaper than construction of diaphragm wall for deep excavations. The alterations arise mostly from the differences in the construction methods. In diaphragm walls, the perimeter of the wall is made panel by

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms  to Enhance Achievement and Language Learning Attitude Abstract Computer software has been widely used for teaching English language in flipped classrooms. The present study supplied a practical example of integrating Computer-Assisted language Learning (CALL) programs in English courses to flip the teaching process. The kind of CALL integration addressed in this study has allowed much more flexibility in delivering instruction to diverse groups of English learners or at best, to implement individualized instruction. Examples of modeling CALL programs in teaching listening, pronunciation, reading, writing, and vocabulary were implemented in this study. Sixty students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) studying at King Marriott Higher Institute for computer participated in this study. The control group studied through the regular non-flipped classroom while the experimental group studied through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. Following the Quasi experimental pre-post design the study was conducted during the first seme ster of the academic year 2016-2017. The results of the study showed that CALL programs in flipped classrooms have improved the students language learning attitude and averaged examination scores to a statistically significant extent. Key words: CALL, flipped classroom, attitude, individualized instruction 1. Background Introduction to CALL What is CALL? The acronym CALL represents a term that stands for Computer-Assisted Language Learning. It refers to manipulating computers in language teaching and learning. Traditionally, it is used as a means of teaching and assessing particular language items. Following the traditional CALL process, the learners are first introduced a rule and different examples, then, they practice varied exercises to test their knowledge of the rule and finally, the computer gives appropriate feedback and awards marks in records to be later checked by the teacher. Levy and Hubbard (2005) define CALL as the field that is concerned with how the computer mediates between the language learner and language learning objectives (figure 1). Figure 1. Levy and Hubbards 2005 conceptualization of CALL Levy (1997, p. 1) defines Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) as the search for and the study of computer applications in language teaching and learning. Beatty (2003, p. 7) gives a broad definition of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), Beatty gives a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature that is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language. Furthermore, CALL includes issues of material, design, technologies, pedagogical theories and of instruction modes. CALL materials include those which are mainly made for language learning and those which adapt the existing computer-based materials, e.g. video and other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8). The History of CALL For more than three decades, computers have been used in language teaching. Three main stages represent the history of CALL: Behaviouristic CALL, Communicative CALL and Integrative CALL (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Each stage corresponds to a certain pedagogical approach. Behaviouristic CALL Influenced by audio-lingual teaching method, Behaviouristic CALL was emerged in the late 1960s and used widely in the 1970s. This stage was characterized by using repetitive language drills, known as drill-and practice. The computer represented a mechanical tutor that never allowed students to work individually, which in turn inhibited motivation. It also implied using extensive drills, grammatical explanations and translation (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Communicative CALL The Communicative CALL initiated in the 1980s after rejecting the behavioristic approach to language teaching theoretically and pedagogically. At this time, personal computers were paving the way for students to work individually at schools. Corresponded to cognitive theories, Communicative CALL considered learning as a process of discovery, expression and development. Advocates of Communicative CALL debated that computer based activities should focus more on using communication forms. Furthermore, software including simulations and text reconstruction program was widely used and developed in this period. Therefore, Communicative CALL focused on what the students did with each other while working at the computer rather than what they did with the computer. Interactive CALL Interactive CALL replaced communicative CALL which began to be criticized by the 1990s. Thus, teachers used more social and learner-centered methods in a response to new second language acquisition theories and socio-cognitive trends. Language learning in authentic social contexts was emphasized at this time. Content-based project-based and task-based approaches were applied to integrate learners in authentic environments, and to integrate and use various skills of language learning. In such integrative approaches, learners try to use a variety of technological tools and progress a continuing process of language learning instead visiting the computer lab once a week for conducting separated exercises. Types of CALL Programs Davies, Hewer, Rendall, and Walker, (2004) divide CALL programs into: Specific CALL software: They are specific language learning programs designed to develop, facilitate the language learning process, like language learning CDs, language learning websites and quizzes. Generic software: They are general computer software designed for general purposes, like word-processors, presentation software, and spreadsheet, that can be used in language learning. Web-based language programs: They are online language learning programs like concordancers, online dictionaries, online encyclopedias, news/magazine sites, etc. Computer-mediated communication (CMC): programs for online oral and written communication like email programs, online asynchronous and synchronous chat, discussion forum, etc. Warschauer (1996) divides CALL programs and applications into two main categories; computer as tutor programs and computer as tool programs. Computer as a tutor refers to CALL programs designed for teaching grammar, listening, pronunciation, reading, text reconstruction, vocabulary and writing. Computer as a tool refers to the most common use of a computer as a tool, and probably the usual use of computer programs for language learning, as word processing programs, grammar checkers, concordancers and collaborative writing. Advantages of computer in language teaching and learning Teaching and learning technologies become one of the most effective areas in the educational system, especially in language learning (Reinders and Thomas, 2012). Today the number of teachers and students using computers and the Internet to teach/learn a second language has increased due to the technology advances (Han, 2008). In order to analyze the advantage of using computer in language learning, Li-Yun Lu and Tang (1996) divide the advantages into three types: the inherent nature of the computer; The benefit of the teacher; the benefit of the learner. The inherent nature of the computer The computer can handle a much wider range of activities, and much more powerfully, than other technological aids. It offers a two-way learning session with the student. The computer can assess the students response. It can also display messages, take the student through subsequent attempts at a question, and even take the student to a different section of package, depending on the nature of the response. The benefit of the teacher The computer presents several aspects of particular promise. Prominent among these is its versatility in handling different kinds of material. For example, the simplest is the one-way presentation of information, in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Also, the computer can handle question-and-answer routines, simulated dialogues, hypothesis testing, and many other types of exercises. The benefit of the learner The computer also offers many advantages for the learner. Access is one of the benefits. The computer offers the student the choice of when to study particular topics and how long to spend on them. The flexibility makes many educational courses accessible to students who would otherwise have no chance to take them. It is not a dream to make the distance teaching. Many computers can be linked by telephone on special landlines. Alternatively, teachers can send tapes or discs of their materials through the post. Whatever the factors of time and distance, the computer retains its potential for personalized instruction. There is no low attention period as the student waits for his or her turn to come round in class. On the contrary, each student has the computers full attention and can work at the speed best suited to the individual. Flipped Classrooms What is a flipped classroom? The flipped classroom is a recent model of pedagogy in which the regular lecture and assignment elements of a course are reversed. In other words, activities that have traditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa. For instance, instead of having lectures during sessions at university, students gather the information largely outside of sessions, by reading, watching videos and listening to podcasts or other audio format (Centre for Academic Development and Quality, 2016). Tucker (2012) adds there is more than one model for flipping the classroom, the core idea is to flip the regular instructional approach: with the help of teacher-created videos and interactive lessons, instruction that used to take place in class is now accessed at home, in advance of class. The classroom becomes a place to deal with problems, advance concepts, and to engage in collaborative and active learning. In contrast to the lecture format, in flipped classrooms the role of the lecturer changes from being a presenter of content to a learning coach. Bergmann, Overmyer and Willie (2011) state that the lecturer is no longer the sage on the stage but the guide on the side. Students become active learners instead of relying on the lecturer as the disseminator of knowledge. Advantages of the flipped classrooms Flipped classrooms have may learning advantages related to sustainable learning, engagement and interaction. Bergmann, Overmeyer and Willie (2011) include several advantages for the Flipped classroom: 1- lifelong learning: learners depend on CALL programs to learn the content before coming to classrooms. Such method of acquiring knowledge, is a lifelong learning skill. 2- Material engagement: in classroom learners complete different active learning exercises that reflect the applications, implications and controversies associated with the material. This engagement highlights the importance of the material in the learners everyday lives and helps them relate to the topics. 3- interaction between learners and faculty: class periods are specified to interactions among the learners. This strategy shifts the focus of learners from the front of the classroom. The flipped classroom moves the faculty teacher from the stage to one-on-one interacting with the students. 2. Method 2.1. Participants and location The study was conducted at the King, Marriott Higher Institute for Computer Science, Alexandria, Egypt during the first semester of the academic year 2016-2017. 60 students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) participated in the study. 2.3. Treatment Two units from CommercialTechnical English Terminology Textbookà ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  were used in this study (Unit 1: Introduction into Business English and Unit 2: Recruitment). The control group studied the two units through the regular non-flipped classroom. The experimental group studied the units through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. The researchers introduced the proposed CALL programs and how to use them during the introductory session. 2.4. Instruments 2.4.1. Achievement Test The researchers conducted an achievement test to assess the participants performance. The test is composed of three parts; the first evaluates communication skills, the second assesses vocabulary acquisition and the third is reading comprehension. (appendix I). 2.4.2. Attitude Survey To assess the participants attitudes toward the flipping classrooms in English language learning, the researchers conducted an attitude survey (appendix II). The researchers followed Lickerts 5 range scale in conducting the survey. 3. Results 3.1. Achievement Hypothesis One There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and that of the control group in the post application the achievement test in favor of the experimental group students. To verify the validity of the previous hypothesis independent samples t-test was used. Table (1) shows the significance of difference between the mean scores of the control and the experimental group students in post-testing. Table 1 Significance of difference between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group students in post- testing Group Mean Std. Deviation Levenes Test df t Sig. Control 13.4 1.79 F Sig. 58 5.35 .001 Experimental 15.7 1.57 .31 .57 The data presented in table (1) reveals that Levenes Test F (Equality of Variances) equals 0.31 which is significant at 0.57, t value is (5.35) and significant at 0.001, and df equals 58 which means that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control and experimental group in post-testing. 3.2. Attitudes Hypothesis two: Participants have positive attitudes toward flipped classrooms in English language learning. Results of attitude survey are presented in the following table. Table 2 Students attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning Statement Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. No.12 (41.4%) No.13 (44.8%) No.3 (10.3%) No.1 (3.4%) No.0 (0%) 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. No.11 (36.7%) No.14 (46.7%) No.3 (10%) No.2 (6.7%) No.0 (0%) 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. No.9 (30%) No.15 (50%) No.5 (16.7%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.5 (16.7%) No.0 (0%) No.0 (0%) 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. No.18 (60%) No.11 (36.7%) No.0 (0%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 6.Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.4 (13.3%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) Close inspection of the data presented in the previous table reveals that the participants have positive attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning. 4. Discussion The researchers implemented different CALL programs in this study like Natural Reader, Corpus concordancing, online listening Lab and PowerPoint presentations. The selected training units were explained and presented through PowerPoint program and were given to the experimental group students to be studied outside the classroom. Also, the experimental group students were trained during the introductory session on a cocordancing program for enhancing vocabulary acquisition and the natural reader program for developing reading skills. Experimental group students were trained to study the proposed units outside the classroom and to practice different activities in the classroom to enhance what they have studied. On the other hand the control group students studied with the regular method, i.e. explanation in the classroom and activities outside the classroom. After finishing the treatment (2 units) both the experimental and the control group students sat for an achievement test and the experimental group students completed an attitude survey related to the flipped classrooms. The mean scores of the control and the experimental group were 13.4 and 15.7. The results of the achievement test highlights the effectiveness of flipping the classrooms. Furthermore, the results of the survey proved that experimental group students agreed upon flipping the classrooms. References Beatty, K. (2003). Teaching and researching computer-assisted language learning. New York: Longman. Bergmann, J., Overmyer, J., and Willie, B. (2011). The flipped class: What it is and What it is not. The Daily Riff. Retrieved from http://www.thedailyriff.com/ articles/the-flipped-class-conversation-689.php. Centre for Academic Development and Quality (2016). CADQ Guide: The flipped classroom. Nottingham Trent University. Retrieved from www.ntu.ac.uk/cadq Davies, G., Hewer, S., Rendall, H., Walker, R. (2004). ICT4LT Module 1.4: Introduction to computer assisted language learning (CALL). http://www. ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-4.html. Han, W. (2008). Benefits and barriers of computer assisted language learning and teaching. US-China Foreign Language, 6(9), 40-43. Levy, M. (1997) CALL: Context and conceptualization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levy, M. and Hubbard, P. (2005). Why call CALL CALL? Computer Assisted Language Learning. Vol. 18, No. 3. Li-Yun Lu and Tang, F (1996). Computer-Assisted Language Learning. NYU School of Education Department of Teaching and Learning-Multilingual Multicultural Studies TESOL. Reinders, H., Thomas, M. (2012). Contemporary computer assisted language learning. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com. Tucker, B. (2012). The Flipped Classroom. Education Next. Retrieved from www. educationnext.org. Warschauer M. (1996) Computer Assisted Language Learning: an Introduction.In Fotos S. (ed.) Multimedia language teaching, Tokyo: Logos International: 3-20. Warschauer, M., Healey, D. 1998. Computers and language learning: an overview. Language teaching forum. 31, Pp.57-71. Appendices Appendix I Achievement Test I- Complete the following conversation. (7 pts) Operator: Hello, Frank and Brothers company, ? John: This is John Robert. Can I have extension 3421? Operator: Certainly, . . David: Jack Richardsons office, David speaking. John: John Robert calling, is. ? David: Imsorry hes out at the moment. Can ? John: Yes, Could you ask him to . at 9147 6320. Its urgent. David: Could you the number please? John: Yes, thats 9147 6320, and this is John Robert. David: Thank you Mr Robert, Ill make message. John: Thanks, bye. David: Good bye. II- Insert the following words in the gaps in the text below. (9 pts) Many People looking for work read the . advertised in newspapers by companies and. . To reply to an adevertisment it is to for a job. You fill the companys., and send it along with your CV and You often have to give the names of two.. . If your qualifications match the , you might be. , i.e. selected to attend an.. . III- Read the following extract, then answer the questions. (4 pts) Business is an organized approach to providing customers with different products and services they need. Also word business refers to an organization that provides these products and services. Businesses in general seek to make a profit i.e., they aim to achieve revenues that exceed the costs of operating the business. Prominent examples of for-profit businesses include Mitsubishi Group, General Motors Corporation, and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies, foundations, advocacy groups, and many hospitals. Answer the following questions. 1- Define business and its main aim. 2- Show the difference between profit and nonprofit business. 3- Mention two examples of nonprofit organizations. 4- Propose a suitable title to the extract. Appendix II Attitude Survey Choose the response that best reflects your attitude 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 6. Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  This book is compiled and supplemented by one of the researchers (Dr. ayman Elesery).